1、Designation: E 154 08aStandard Test Methods forWater Vapor Retarders Used in Contact with Earth UnderConcrete Slabs, on Walls, or as Ground Cover1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 154; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 The
3、se test methods2cover the determination of theproperties of flexible membranes to be used as vapor retardersin contact with earth under concrete slabs, against walls, or asground cover in crawl spaces. The test methods are applicableprimarily to plastic films and other flexible sheets. The mate-rial
4、s are not intended to be subjected to sustained hydrostaticpressure. The procedures simulate conditions to which vaporretarders may be subjected prior to and during installation, andin service.1.2 The test methods included are:SectionWater-Vapor Transmission of Material as Received 7Water-Vapor Tran
5、smission after Wetting and Drying and after Long-Time Soaking 8Tensile Strength 9Resistance to Puncture 10Resistance to Plastic Flow and Elevated Temperature 11Effect of Low Temperatures on Flexibility 12Resistance to Deterioration from Organisms and Substances in Con-tacting Soil 13Resistance to De
6、terioration from Petroleum Vehicles for Soil Poisons 14Resistance to Deterioration from Exposure to Ultraviolet Light 15Resistance to Flame Spread 16Report 171.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The inch-pound values given in parentheses areprovided for information only a
7、nd are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitatio
8、ns prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 168 Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationC 755 Practice for Selection of Water Vapor Retarders forThermal InsulationD 828 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper andPaperboard Using Constant-Rate-of-Elongation ApparatusD 882 Test
9、Method for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingD 1709 Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Filmby the Free-Falling Dart MethodD 1985 Practice for Preparing Concrete Blocks for TestingSealants, for Joints and CracksD 2565 Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposure of Plastics In-tended for Outdoo
10、r ApplicationsD 4397 Specification for Polyethylene Sheeting for Con-struction, Industrial, and Agricultural ApplicationsE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE 96/E 96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission ofMaterialsE 241 Guide for Limiting Water-Induced Dama
11、ge to Build-ingsE 437 Specification for Industrial Wire Cloth and Screens(Square Opening Series) (Discontinued 2000) Replaced byE 20164E 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsF 1249 Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission RateThrough Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a ModulatedInfrared Sensor3. T
12、erminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in these testmethods, see Terminologies C 168 and E 631.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.21on Serviceability.Current edition a
13、pproved Oct. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originallyapproved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E 154 08.2Some of these test methods were based originally on Report No. 2040, U.S.Forest Products Laboratory, and “Vapor Barrier Materials for Use with Slab-On-Ground Construction an
14、d as Ground Covers in Crawl Spaces,” Publication445-1956, Building Research Advisory Board (currently out-of-print).3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to
15、the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific t
16、o This Standard:3.2.1 perm, nthe time rate of water vapor migrationthrough a material or a construction of 1 grain/hft2in. mercury(Hg) of vapor pressure difference.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThere are no SI units that can becombined to give the same mass flow rate as the inch-poundperm without a numerical co
17、efficient. If a specification statesthat a one perm resistance is required, the same rate of flowwill be obtained from the following relationships:1 perm = 1 grain/hft2in. Hg Inch-pound units= 57.21012kg/sm2Pa SI (fundamental units)= 57.2 ng/sm2Pa SI (frequently used)= 0.66 g/24 hm2mm Hg SI (depreca
18、ted, should not be used)The perm is a specific rate of vapor flow regardless of the units thatwere used in measuring the flow rate or in converting them into desiredunits.3.2.2 water-vapor permeability, nthe time rate of watervapor flow through unit area of unit thickness of a flat materialinduced b
19、y unit vapor pressure difference between two parallelspecified surfaces under specific temperature and humidityconditions.3.2.2.1 DiscussionSince vapor flow rate does not varydirectly with thickness for many materials, comparisons ofvapor flow rates for retarders of various thicknesses should bemade
20、 on test results of permeance rather than on permeability.3.2.3 watervapor permeance, nthe time rate of watervapor flow through unit area of the known thickness of a flatmaterial or a construction normal to two specific parallelsurfaces induced by unit vapor pressure difference between thetwo surfac
21、es under specific temperature and humidity condi-tions. While the SI unit is kg/sm2Pa, the practical unit is theperm (see 3.2.1).3.2.4 water-vapor transmission (WVT), nthe steady wa-ter vapor flow in unit time through unit area of a flat materialor a construction normal to specific parallel surfaces
22、 inducedby specific temperatures, pressures, and humidities at eachsurface. Units in SI are kilogram per second, square metre,(kg/sm2) (inch-pound, grain per hour, square foot, (grain/hft2).4. Significance and Use4.1 In service, vapor retarders may be exposed to a varietyof conditions, so no one tes
23、t will provide evaluations related toperformance for all exposures (refer to Guide E 241 andPractice C 755). Neither will all test methods listed be neces-sary in all evaluations for specific exposures (see 16.2).4.2 LimitationsPrior to use and in service, vapor retardersmay be exposed to a variety
24、of conditions so no one test willprovide evaluations related to performance for all exposures(refer to Guide E 241 and Practice C 755). Neither will all testsbe necessary in all evaluations for specific exposures. Conse-quently, the tests and required test results shall be agreed uponby the purchase
25、r and the supplier (see 16.2).5. Sampling5.1 Obtain samples for preparation of test specimens fromeach of three separate rolls or packages of each type of materialbeing tested. Samples shall be representative of the materialbeing tested and shall be of uniform thickness. If the samplesare of nonsymm
26、etrical construction, designate the two faces bydistinguishing marks and report which side was exposed to aspecific condition.6. Test Specimen6.1 The number and size of test specimens of each materialare specified in each test procedure. Great care is required toprotect the test areas of the specime
27、ns against damage orcontamination.7. Water-Vapor Transmission of Material as Received7.1 Significance and UseSince the water-vapor flow ratethrough a material in service is significant in order forcomparisons to be made of performance after specific treat-ments of the material, the water-vapor flow
28、rate of the materialas received is needed as a reference value. The as-receivedmaterial is presumed to be representative of the material that isto be used on the purchasers project.7.2 ApparatusThe apparatus and test facilities are de-scribed in Test Methods E 96/E 96M and F 1249.7.3 Procedure:7.3.1
29、 Make water-vapor transmission tests on at least threespecimens of each material in accordance with Test MethodsE 96/E 96M or F 1249. If the retarder material is coated ortreated on one surface to improve its water-vapor resistance,make the test with this surface toward the water unlessotherwise spe
30、cified.7.3.2 Where wax seals are used with the wet method, it isgood procedure to heat the test dishes uniformly to 45C(113F) or slightly warmer before sealing the test sample to thedish to avoid having the wax become too viscous for goodsealing.7.4 Precision and BiasThe statements regarding precisi
31、onand bias in Test Methods E 96/E 96M and F 1249 shall alsoapply to this test method.8. Water-Vapor Transmission after Wetting and Dryingand after Long-Time Soaking8.1 Significance and UseAfter water-vapor retardersleave the factory, they are exposed to many conditions ofwetting and drying and may b
32、e subjected to immersion orpartial immersion for various periods. To indicate the potentialeffect of wetting and drying and relatively long-time exposureto soaking, the data from these tests will be compared withthose of the material as received.8.2 Apparatus:8.2.1 Controlled-Temperature Vessels, of
33、 suitable size forsoaking specimens and equipped with a temperature controlleractuated by a thermostat. The controller shall be of a type thatwill maintain temperature in the vessels between 22 and 24C(72 and 75F). If space permits, the test chamber used for thewater-vapor transmission tests may be
34、used to hold soakingpans in place of the thermostatically controlled vessel.8.2.2 Oven or Drying Chamber, for drying test specimens,thermostatically controlled at a temperature between 60 and62C (140 and 144F).8.2.3 Water-Vapor Transmission Apparatus, as prescribed inTest Methods E 96/E 96M and F 12
35、49.E 154 08a28.2.4 MandrelA round metal bar or rod 25 mm (1 in.) indiameter and approximately 460 mm (18 in.) long.8.3 Procedure:8.3.1 Cut three specimens, 305 by 305 mm (12 by 12 in.) ofthe material to be tested.8.3.2 Immerse the specimens in potable water kept at atemperature between 22 and 24C (7
36、2 and 75F) for 16 h(overnight). Then dry the specimens in an oven kept between60 and 62C (140 and 144F) for 8 h. Repeat the wetting anddrying cycle for a total of five cycles (Monday through Friday)to be followed by immersing the specimens in water over theweekend (64 h). Repeat the wetting and dryi
37、ng cycle five moredays and immerse the specimens in water for a period of 1612days (weekend plus two weeks). Dry the specimens between60 and 62C (140 and 144F) and then condition to a constantweight in the chamber where water-vapor transmission testsare made.8.3.3 Cut the specimens into halves paral
38、lel to the machinedirection (the long direction as taken from the roll or package).Bend one of the halves of each specimen with one surface upand the other specimen with the opposite surface up at an angleof 90 over a 25-mm (1-in.) diameter mandrel in a period of 2s or less at a temperature between
39、22 and 24C (72 and 75F).Record evidence of cracking or delamination.8.3.4 Cut specimens for the water-vapor transmission test sothat the full bent portion is installed in the center of the panwith the surface that was concave at the time of bending facingthe water. Determine water-vapor transmission
40、 in accordancewith Section 7.8.4 Precision and BiasThe statements regarding precisionand bias in Test Methods E 96/E 96M and F 1249 shall alsoapply to this test method.9. Tensile Strength9.1 Significance and UseThe thin sheet materials that areused as vapor retarders are subjected to several kinds o
41、fhandling stresses. Since it is desirable that the material have atensile strength that will minimize tearing or permanent elon-gation in normal use, the tensile data may be used to comparedifferent materials that are being considered for use in specificconstructions.9.2 Apparatus:9.2.1 Controlled-T
42、emperature VesselsSee 8.2.1.9.2.2 Tensile Testing MachineConstant Rate of Extensionequipment meeting the requirements as described in TestMethods D 828 or D 882, as appropriate for the material beingtested.9.3 Procedure:9.3.1 Cut ten specimens, 25 m (1 in.) wide and 203 mm (8in.) long, in each princ
43、ipal direction (crosswise and lengthwise)of the sample.9.3.2 Immerse in potable water controlled at a temperaturebetween 22 and 24C (72 and 75F) for seven days in such amanner that water has free access to all surfaces and edges ofthe specimens.9.3.3 Remove the specimens from the water one at a time
44、,lightly blot the free water from both surfaces, and immediatelydetermine the tensile strength and elongation at maximumload. If the vapor retarder is an unreinforced plastic sheet, testaccording to Test Method D 882. If the vapor retarder isreinforced or contains fiber, test according to Test Metho
45、dD 828. If necessary to prevent slippage during the test, line thejaws of the clamp with emery cloth or other rough material.Average the ten readings, crosswise and lengthwise, respec-tively.9.4 Precision and BiasThe statements on reproducibilityin Test Methods D 828 or D 882 shall also apply to thi
46、s testmethod.10. Resistance to Puncture10.1 Significance and Use:10.1.1 One of the major stresses to which sheet materialsused as vapor retarders are subjected is puncture. These datamay be used to evaluate the resistance to one type of punctureforce on different materials to be considered for a spe
47、cificconstruction.10.1.2 The falling dart test in the paragraph on ImpactResistance of Specification D 4397 may be used to evaluatepuncture resistance of the material. (See Test Methods D 1709also.)10.2 Apparatus:10.2.1 A Square Mounting Frame, of wood, metal, or rigidplastic 254 by 254 mm (10 by 10
48、 in.) outside with a 152 by152-mm (6- by 6-in.) central opening, consisting of two partsthat are held together with eight thumbscrews on each side.Thethickness of wood or plastic shall be 32 mm (114 in.); of metal,10 mm (38 in.). The contact areas of each part shall be facedwith well-adhered Grade N
49、o. 80 sandpaper to prevent slippageof the sheet under test (see Fig. 1).10.2.2 Steel Cylinder, solid, 25-mm (1-in.) diameter, withthe contact face smooth and at 90 with the axis, and with theedge of the end surface slightly rounded.10.2.3 Conventional Straightedges and Rules or Dials,toindicate deflection of the test membrane at the edge of the steelcylinder.10.3 Procedure:10.3.1 Conduct the tests at a room temperature between 22and 24C (72 and 75F).10.3.2 Cut three 254-mm (10-in.) square specimens of thematerial to be teste
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