1、Designation: E 155 05Standard Reference Radiographs forInspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 155; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.These Reference Radiographs have been developed in cooperation with the Quality Control Committee and Aerospace Research andTesting Committe
3、e of the Aerospace Industries Association.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate the types anddegrees of discontinuities that may be found in aluminum-alloyand magnesium-alloy castings. The castings illustra
4、ted are inthicknesses of14 in. 6.35 mm and34 in. 19.1 mm. Thereference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document andmust be purchased separately from ASTM International ifneeded.1.2 These film reference radiographs are not intended toillustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found i
5、naluminum-alloy castings when performing digital radiography.If performing digital radiography of aluminum-alloy castings,refer to Digital Refererence Image Standard E 2422.Magnesium-alloy digital reference images are not currentlyavailable from ASTM International.1.3 This document may be used where
6、 no other applicabledocument exists, for other material thicknesses for which it hasbeen found to be applicable and for which agreement has beenreached between the purchaser and the manufacturer.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.1.5 This standard does not pu
7、rport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1Vol I: The set of reference radiograph
8、s consists of 13 platescovering discontinuities in aluminum-alloy castings and 10 plates cover-ing discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings. Each plate is held in an812 by 11-in. 216 by 279-mm cardboard frame and each plate illustrateseight grades of severity for the discontinuity in approximatel
9、ya2by2-in.51 by 51-mm area. The cardboard frames are contained in a 1012 by1112-in. 267 by 292-mm ring binder.Vol. II: The set of reference radiographs consists of four plates coveringdiscontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings only. Each plate is held in an812 by 11-in. 216 by 279-mm cardboard fram
10、e and illustrates eightgrades of severity for the discontinuity (with the exception of discretediscontinuities, where only one example of each discontinuity is given).NOTE 2Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magne-sium die castings up to 1 in. 25 mm in thickness are contained inReferen
11、ce Radiographs E 505.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE 505 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminumand Magnesium Die CastingE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE 2422 Digital Reference Images for Inspection of Alumi-num Castings2
12、.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum andMagnesium Castings:Volume I, Aluminum and Magnesium Castings3Volume II, Magnesium Castings43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms used in this standardmay be found in Terminology E 1316.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific
13、to This Standard:3.2.1 The terms relating to discontinuities used in thesereference radiographs are described based upon radiographicappearance.3.2.2 foreign materialsappear as isolated, irregular, orelongated variations of film density, not corresponding tovariations in thickness of material, nor t
14、o cavities. They may bedue to the presence of sand, slag, oxide or dross, or metal ofdifferent density.1These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM CommitteeE07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE07.02 on Reference Radiographs.Current editi
15、on approved Nov. 15, 2005. Published December 2005. Originallyapproved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E 155 - 00(2005)e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volu
16、me information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Reference Radio-graph No. RRE015501.4Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Reference Radio-graph No. RRE015502.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Bar
17、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.3 gas holesappear as round or elongated, smooth-edged dark spots, occurring individually, in clusters, or distrib-uted throughout the casting.3.2.4 gas porosityrepresented by round or elongated darkspots corresponding t
18、o minute voids usually distributedthrough the entire casting.3.2.5 microshrinkage (feathery type)microshrinkage hav-ing an elongated appearance resembling feather-like streaks.3.2.6 microshrinkage (sponge type)microshrinkage hav-ing a spongelike appearance, and more massive and equiaxedthan the feat
19、hery type.3.2.7 reacted sand inclusionsappear on radiograph as“spotty segregation,” that is, sharply defined round light areas,about 1 mm in diameter, and often with the rim lighter than thecenter. They are entrapped sand particles that underwentreaction with molten magnesium alloys containing zirco
20、nium(Note 3).3.2.8 segregationsappear as variations in film densitywhich can be explained by segregation of elements of atomicnumbers different from that of the matrix.3.2.8.1 gravity segregationappears white on radiographand may range from a mottling-type effect through white-diffused spots blendin
21、g with the matrix, to a cloud-likeappearance in more severe cases. They are agglomerations ofparticles precipitated at temperatures above liquidus (Note 3).3.2.8.2 eutectic segregationtype of segregation is gener-ally represented when a defect or discontinuity develops duringsolidification and is fe
22、d with a near eutectic residual liquid richwith alloying elements that have a high X-ray attenuation. Oneexception to this enrichment as illustrated in Reference Radio-graphs E 155 is flow line (or eutectic depletion), where there isa local impoverishment of the alloying elements that have ahigh X-r
23、ay attenuation (Note 3).(1) eutectic segregationmicroshrinkage typetype of seg-regation develops when a microshrinkage develops duringsolidification, and is fed with residual liquid rich in densealloying elements such as thorium. The area will show light ona radiograph (Note 3).(2) eutectic segregat
24、ionpipe-shrink typetype of segre-gation develops during solidification when a pipe shrink formsand is immediately filled with eutectic liquid rich in high X-rayattenuation alloying elements. The area shows light on aradiograph as a feathery or dendritic feature (Note 3).(3) eutectic segregationhot-t
25、ear typetype of segregationdevelops during solidification when the hot tear that takes placeis immediately filled with liquid rich in alloying elements highin X-ray attenuation. The defect shows as white or lightirregular defined lines (Note 3).(4) eutectic depletionflow linetype of segregation deve
26、l-ops when a section of a mold is filled by liquid and solidifiesat the front before liquid from another feed meets the solidfront. A portion of the solid front then partially melts; other-wise, the discontinuity would be a cold shut. Solidificationbegins after this remelt and the initial crystals a
27、re of high purityand contain fewer high-density alloying elements than the meltaverage. Since the metal is still flowing across these crystals,the composition ahead of this solidifying front is depleted. Thisdepletion of the eutectic shows on the radiograph as a darkdiffused line (Note 3).(5) oxide
28、inclusions in magnesium alloys containingzirconiumshow on a radiograph as well defined light area ofirregular shape and size resembling a radiograph of a com-pacted fine steel wool. It is composed of complex magnesiumoxide film with high zirconium content, and, if present, rareearths and thorium oxi
29、des also. It is often associated withzirconium-rich particles.NOTE 3More detailed descriptions of these discontinuities can befound in the article, “New Reference Radiographs for Magnesium AlloyCastings,” by B. Lagowski, published in the Journal of Testing andEvaluation, Vol 2, No. 4, July 1974.3.2.
30、9 shrinkage cavityappears as a dendritic, filamentary,or jagged darkened area.3.2.10 shrinkage porosity or sponge (nonferrous alloys)alocalized lacy or honeycombed darkened area.4. Significance and Use4.1 These radiographs are intended for reference only butare so designed that acceptance standards,
31、 which may bedeveloped for particular requirements, can be specified interms of these radiographs. The illustrations are radiographs ofcastings that were produced under conditions designed todevelop the discontinuities. The radiographs of the14-in.6.35-mm castings are intended to be used in the thic
32、knessrange up to and including12 in. 12.7 mm. The radiographs ofthe34-in. 19.1-mm castings are intended to be used in thethickness range of over12 in. to and including 2 in. 51 mm.The grouping and system of designations are based on consid-erations of the best practical means of making these referen
33、ceradiographs of the greatest possible value.4.2 Film DeteriorationRadiographic films are subject towear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which theimage deteriorates over time is a function of storage condi-tions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radio-graph films are no ex
34、ception and may exhibit a loss in imagequality over time. The radiographs should therefore be peri-odically examined for signs of wear and tear, includingscratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radio-graphs which show signs of excessive wear and tear whichcould influence the interp
35、retation and use of the radiographsshould be replaced.5. Basis for Application5.1 The reference radiographs may be applied as acceptancestandards tailored to the end use of the product. Application ofthese reference radiographs as acceptance standards should bebased on the intended use of the produc
36、t and the followingconsiderations (see Note 4).5.1.1 An area of like size to that of the reference radiographshall be the unit area by which the production radiograph isevaluated, and any such area shall meet the requirements asdefined for acceptability.5.1.2 Any combination or portion of these refe
37、rence radio-graphs may be used as is relevant to the particular application.Different grades or acceptance limits may be specified for eachdiscontinuity type. Furthermore, different grades may be speci-fied for different regions or zones of a component.E1550525.1.3 Special considerations may be requ
38、ired where morethan one discontinuity type is present in the same area. Anymodifications to the acceptance criteria required on the basis ofmultiple discontinuity types must be specified.5.1.4 Where the reference radiographs provide only anungraded illustration of a discontinuity, acceptance criteri
39、amay be specified by referencing a maximum discontinuity size,or percentage of the discontinuity size illustrated.5.1.5 Production radiographs containing porosity, gas orinclusions may be rated by the overall condition with regard tosize, number, and distribution. These factors should be consid-ered
40、 in balance.5.1.6 As a minimum the acceptance criteria should containinformation addressing: zoning of the part (if applicable), theacceptable severity level for each discontinuity type, and thespecified area to which the reference radiographs are to beapplied.NOTE 4Caution should be exercised in sp
41、ecifying the acceptancecriteria to be met in a casting. Casting design coupled with foundrypractice should be considered. It is advisable to consult with themanufacturer/foundry before establishing the acceptance criteria to ensurethe desired quality level can be achieved.6. Description6.1 The radio
42、graphs listed in Table 1 illustrate each type ofdiscontinuity in eight grades. The radiographs listed in Table 2illustrate each type of discontinuity in eight grades, with theexception of pipe shrink, flow line, hot tear and oxide inclu-sion, where a single ungraded illustration is given for each.Al
43、though eight grades of each discontinuity are shown (withthe above exceptions), a numerically smaller graded set ofdiscontinuities based on these reference radiographs could beused for acceptance standards. Each grade is illustrated inapproximatelya2by2-in. 51 by 51-mm area. The radio-graphic techni
44、que used is in agreement with Guide E94, andproduced a density of 2.0 to 2.25.6.2 The alloys used to reproduce the various discontinuitieswere as listed in Table 3.NOTE 5Misruns, core shift, cold shut, and surface irregularities arenot illustrated, as they are readily identifiable by surface inspect
45、ion or byother means of nondestructive testing.6.3 All of these references are original radiographs; theyshould be viewed by transmitted light.7. Keywords7.1 aluminum; castings; discontinuities; magnesium; refer-ence radiographs; X-rayTABLE 1 Reference Radiographs for Aluminum and MagnesiumCastingsV
46、olume IDiscontinuityCastingThickness,in.AApplicableCastingThickness,in.AAluminum-Alloy CastingsGas holes14 up to12 , inclGas holes34 over12 to 2, inclGas porosity (round)14 up to12 , inclGas porosity (round)34 over12 to 2, inclGas porosity (elongated)14 up to12 , inclGas porosity (elongated)34 over1
47、2 to 2, inclShrinkage cavity14 All thicknessesShrinkage (sponge)14 up to12 , inclShrinkage (sponge)34 over12 to 2, inclForeign material (less dense)14 up to12 , inclForeign material (less dense)34 over12 to 2, inclForeign material (more dense)14 up to12 , inclForeign material (more dense)34 over12 t
48、o 2, inclMagnesium-Alloy CastingsGas holes14 up to12 , inclGas holes34 over12 to 2, inclMicroshrinkage (feathery)14 up to12 , inclMicroshrinkage (feathery)34 over12 to 2, inclMicroshrinkage (sponge)14 up to12 , inclMicroshrinkage (sponge)34 over12 to 2, inclForeign material (less dense)14 up to12 ,
49、inclForeign material (less dense)34 over12 to 2, inclForeign material (more dense)14 up to12 , inclForeign material (more dense)34 over12 to 2, inclA1 in. = 25.4 mm.TABLE 2 Reference Radiographs for Magnesium CastingsVolume IIDiscontinuityCastingThickness,in.AApplicableCastingThickness,in.AEutectic segregation (discrete discontinui-ties)pipeshrink, flow line, hot tears, oxideinclusions14 all thicknessesReacted sand inclusion14 all thicknessesEutectic segregation (microshrinkage
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