1、Designation:E16509 Designation: E165/E165M 12Standard Practice forLiquid Penetrant Examination for General Industry1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E165/E165M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice2covers procedures for penetrant examination of materials. Penetrant testing is a nondestructiv
3、e testing methodfor detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, shrinkage, laminations, throughleaks, or lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance testing. It can be effectively used in the examinationof nonporous, meta
4、llic materials, ferrous and nonferrous metals, and of nonmetallic materials such as nonporous glazed or fullydensified ceramics, as well as certain nonporous plastics, and glass.1.2 This practice also provides a reference:1.2.1 By which a liquid penetrant examination process recommended or required
5、by individual organizations can be reviewedto ascertain its applicability and completeness.1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications and procedures dealing with the liquid penetrant testing of parts andmaterials. Agreement by the customer requesting penetrant inspection is strongly
6、recommended. All areas of this practice may beopen to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizantengineering organization.1.2.3 For use in the organization of facilities and personnel concerned with liquid penetrant testing.1.3
7、This practice does not indicate or suggest criteria for evaluation of the indications obtained by penetrant testing. It shouldbe pointed out, however, that after indications have been found, they must be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For thispurpose there must be a separate code, sta
8、ndard, or a specific agreement to define the type, size, location, and direction ofindications considered acceptable, and those considered unacceptable.1.4The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. SI units are provided for information only.1.4 UnitsThe values stated i
9、n either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values statedin each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 Thi
10、s standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2
11、.1 ASTM Standards:3D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)E516 Practice for Testing Thermal Conductivity Detectors Used in Gas ChromatographyD808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petroleum Products (High Pressure Decomposition Dev
12、ice Method)D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High-Temperature Method)D4327 Test Method for Anions in Water by Suppressed Ion ChromatographyE433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant InspectionE543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nonde
13、structive TestingE1208 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification ProcessE1209 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing Using the Water-Washable ProcessE1210 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing Using the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsifi
14、cation Process1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid Penetrantand Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved July 1, 2009.June 15, 2012. Published July 2009.2012. Originally ap
15、proved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 20022009 as E165 - 029.DOI: 10.1520/E0165-09.10.1520/E0165-12.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Recommended Test Method SE-165 in the Code.3For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact
16、ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been
17、made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*
18、A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E1219 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing Using the Solvent-Removable ProcessE1220 Practice for Visible Pen
19、etrant Testing Using Solvent-Removable ProcessE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1417 Practice for Liquid Penetrant TestingE1418 Practice for Visible Penetrant Testing Using the Water-Washable Process Practice for Visible Penetrant Testing Using theWater-Washable ProcessE2297 Guide fo
20、r Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic ParticleMethods2.2 ASNT Document:4SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and CertificationANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestru
21、ctive Testing Personnel2.3 Military Standard:MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification52.4 APHA Standard:429 Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater62.5 AIA Standard:NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel72.6 SAE Standar
22、ds:8AMS 2644 Inspection Material, PenetrantQPL-AMS-2644 Qualified Products of Inspection Materials, Penetrant3. Terminology3.1 The definitions relating to liquid penetrant examination, which appear in Terminology E1316, shall apply to the terms usedin this practice.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Liquid p
23、enetrant may consist of visible or fluorescent material. The liquid penetrant is applied evenly over the surface beingexamined and allowed to enter open discontinuities. After a suitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant is removed. Adeveloper is applied to draw the entrapped penetrant out of
24、 the discontinuity and stain the developer. The test surface is thenexamined to determine the presence or absence of indications.NOTE 1The developer may be omitted by agreement between the contracting parties.NOTE 2Fluorescent penetrant examination shall not follow a visible penetrant examination un
25、less the procedure has been qualified in accordance with10.2, because visible dyes may cause deterioration or quenching of fluorescent dyes.4.2 Processing parameters, such as surface precleaning, penetrant dwell time and excess penetrant removal methods, aredependent on the specific materials used,
26、the nature of the part under examination, (that is, size, shape, surface condition, alloy)and type of discontinuities expected.5. Significance and Use5.1 Liquid penetrant testing methods indicate the presence, location and, to a limited extent, the nature and magnitude of thedetected discontinuities
27、. Each of the various penetrant methods has been designed for specific uses such as critical service items,volume of parts, portability or localized areas of examination. The method selected will depend accordingly on the design andservice requirements of the parts or materials being tested.6. Class
28、ification of Penetrant Materials and Methods6.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods and types are classified in accordance with MIL-I-25135 and AMS 2644 as listed inTable 1.6.2 Fluorescent Penetrant Testing (Type 1)Fluorescent penetrant testing utilizes penetrants that fluoresce brilliantly whenexc
29、ited by black light (UVA). The sensitivity of fluorescent penetrants depends on their ability to be retained in the various sizediscontinuities during processing, and then to bleed out into the developer coating and produce indications that will fluoresce.Fluorescent indications are many times brigh
30、ter than their surroundings when viewed under appropriate black light illumination.6.3 Visible Penetrant Testing (Type 2)Visible penetrant testing uses a penetrant that can be seen in visible light. The penetrantis usually red, so that resultant indications produce a definite contrast with the white
31、 background of the developer. Visible penetrantindications must be viewed under adequate white light.4Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.5Available from Standardization Documents Order Des
32、k, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/www.dodssp.daps.mil.6Available from American Public Health Association, Publication Office, 1015 Fifteenth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.7Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 100
33、0 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.8Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.E165/E165M 1227. Materials7.1 Liquid Penetrant Testing Materials consist of fluorescent or visib
34、le penetrants, emulsifiers (oil-base and water-base),removers (water and solvent), and developers (dry powder, aqueous and nonaqueous). A family of liquid penetrant examinationmaterials consists of the applicable penetrant and emulsifier, as recommended by the manufacturer. Any liquid penetrant, rem
35、overand developer listed in QPL-25135/QPL-AMS2644 can be used, regardless of the manufacturer. Intermixing of penetrants andemulsifiers from different manufacturers is prohibited.NOTE 3Refer to 9.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen and alkali metal content.NOTE 4While approved penetrant m
36、aterials will not adversely affect common metallic materials, some plastics or rubbers may be swollen or stainedby certain penetrants.7.2 Penetrants:7.2.1 Post-Emulsifiable Penetrants are insoluble in water and cannot be removed with water rinsing alone.They are formulatedto be selectively removed f
37、rom the surface using a separate emulsifier. Properly applied and given a proper emulsification time,the emulsifier combines with the excess surface penetrant to form a water-washable mixture, which can be rinsed from the surface,leaving the surface free of excessive fluorescent background. Proper e
38、mulsification time must be experimentally established andmaintained to ensure that over-emulsification does not result in loss of indications.7.2.2 Water-Washable Penetrants are formulated to be directly water-washable from the surface of the test part, after a suitablepenetrant dwell time. Because
39、the emulsifier is “built-in,” water-washable penetrants can be washed out of discontinuities if therinsing step is too long or too vigorous. It is therefore extremely important to exercise proper control in the removal of excesssurface penetrant to ensure against overwashing. Some penetrants are les
40、s resistant to overwashing than others, so caution shouldbe exercised.7.2.3 Solvent-Removable Penetrants are formulated so that excess surface penetrant can be removed by wiping until most ofthe penetrant has been removed. The remaining traces should be removed with the solvent remover (see 8.6.4).
41、To prevent removalof penetrant from discontinuities, care should be taken to avoid the use of excess solvent. Flushing the surface with solvent toremove the excess penetrant is prohibited as the penetrant indications could easily be washed away.7.3 Emulsifiers:7.3.1 Lipophilic Emulsifiers are oil-mi
42、scible liquids used to emulsify the post-emulsified penetrant on the surface of the part,rendering it water-washable. The individual characteristics of the emulsifier and penetrant, and the geometry/surface roughness ofthe part material contribute to determining the emulsification time.7.3.2 Hydroph
43、ilic Emulsifiers are water-miscible liquids used to emulsify the excess post-emulsified penetrant on the surfaceof the part, rendering it water-washable. These water-base emulsifiers (detergent-type removers) are supplied as concentrates to bediluted with water and used as a dip or spray. The concen
44、tration, use and maintenance shall be in accordance with manufacturersrecommendations.7.3.2.1 Hydrophilic emulsifiers function by displacing the excess penetrant film from the surface of the part through detergentaction. The force of the water spray or air/mechanical agitation in an open dip tank pr
45、ovides the scrubbing action while thedetergent displaces the film of penetrant from the part surface. The individual characteristics of the emulsifier and penetrant, andthe geometry and surface roughness of the part material contribute to determining the emulsification time. Emulsificationconcentrat
46、ion shall be monitored weekly using a suitable refractometer.7.4 Solvent RemoversSolvent removers function by dissolving the penetrant, making it possible to wipe the surface clean andfree of excess penetrant.7.5 DevelopersDevelopers form a translucent or white absorptive coating that aids in bringi
47、ng the penetrant out of surfacediscontinuities through blotting action, thus increasing the visibility of the indications.7.5.1 Dry Powder DevelopersDry powder developers are used as supplied, that is, free-flowing, non-caking powder (see8.8.1). Care should be taken not to contaminate the developer
48、with fluorescent penetrant, as the contaminated developer speckscan appear as penetrant indications.7.5.2 Aqueous DevelopersAqueous developers are normally supplied as dry powder particles to be either suspended (watersuspendable) or dissolved (water soluble) in water. The concentration, use and mai
49、ntenance shall be in accordance withTABLE 1 Classification of Penetrant Examination Types andMethodsType IFluorescent Penetrant ExaminationMethod AWater-washable (see Test Method E1209)Method BPost-emulsifiable, lipophilic (see Test Method E1208)Method CSolvent removable (see Test Method E1219)Method DPost-emulsifiable, hydrophilic (see Test Method E1210)Type IIVisible Penetrant ExaminationMethod AWater-washable (see Test Method E1418)Method CSolvent removable (see Test Method E1220)E165/E165M 123manufacturers recommendations. Water soluble developers shall
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