ASTM E176-2012a 3696 Standard Terminology of Fire Standards《消防标准的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: E176 12a An American National StandardStandard Terminology ofFire Standards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E176; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number

2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers terms, related definitions, anddescriptions of terms used or likely to be used in fire-test-response standards, fire-h

3、azard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessment standards. Definitions of terms are special-purpose definitions that are consistent with the standarddefinitions but are written to ensure that a specific fire-test-response standard, fire-hazard-assessment standard, or fire-risk-assessment standa

4、rd is properly understood and preciselyinterpreted.NOTE 1For additional information, refer to ASTM Policy on FireStandards.21.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appr

5、o-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitativemeasures.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C1224 Specification for Reflective Insulation for BuildingApplicationsC1313 Sp

6、ecification for Sheet Radiant Barriers for BuildingConstruction ApplicationsD3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of FlexibleCellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceD5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal andCokeE108 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof CoveringsE84 Test

7、 Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Constructionand MaterialsE152 Test Method for Fire Tests Of DoorAssemblies (With-drawn 1995)4E162 Test Method for S

8、urface Flammability of MaterialsUsing a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE535 Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Stan-dardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE163 Test Method for Fire Tests Of Window Assemblies(Withdrawn 1999)4E603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE648 Test Method for Critical R

9、adiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE800 Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or GeneratedDuring FiresE814 Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration FirestopSystemsE906/E906M Test Method for Heat and Visible SmokeRelease Rates for Materials and Products Using a

10、Ther-mopile MethodE970 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of ExposedAtticFloor Insulation Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE1317 Test Method for Flammability of Marine SurfaceFinishesE1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition andFlame Spread PropertiesE1352 Test Method for Cigarette Ign

11、ition Resistance ofMock-Up Upholstered Furniture AssembliesE1353 Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofComponents of Upholstered FurnitureE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE1355 Guide for Evaluating

12、 the Predictive Capability ofDeterministic Fire Models1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the responsibility of Subcommittee E05.31 on Terminology andEditorial.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published December 2012. Originallyapproved in

13、1961. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E176 - 12. DOI:10.1520/E0176-12A.2Available from ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, WestConshohocken, PA 19428.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual B

14、ook of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United Stat

15、es1E1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components orComposites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE1509 Specification for Room Heaters, Pellet Fuel-BurningTypeE1529 Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hy-drocarbon Pool

16、Fires on Structural Members and Assem-bliesE1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-tureE1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE1623 Test Method for Determination of Fire and ThermalParameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using anIntermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)E1

17、678 Test Method for Measuring Smoke Toxicity for Usein Fire Hazard AnalysisE1725 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Fire-Resistive BarrierSystems for Electrical System ComponentsE1740 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateand Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of WallCovering or Ceiling

18、 Covering Composites Using a ConeCalorimeterE1776 Guide for Development of Fire-Risk-AssessmentStandardsE1822 Test Method for Fire Testing of Stacked ChairsE1966 Test Method for Fire-Resistive Joint SystemsE1995 Test Method for Measurement of Smoke ObscurationUsing a Conical Radiant Source in a Sing

19、le ClosedChamber, With the Test Specimen Oriented HorizontallyE2032 Guide for Extension of Data From Fire ResistanceTests Conducted in Accordance with ASTM E 119E2058 Test Methods for Measurement of Synthetic PolymerMaterial Flammability Using a Fire Propagation Appara-tus (FPA)E2061 Guide for Fire

20、Hazard Assessment of Rail Transpor-tation VehiclesE2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-rimetry Fire TestsE2074 Test Method for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies,Including Positive Pressure Testing of Side-Hinged andPivoted Swinging Door Assemblies (Withdrawn 2007)4E2102 Test Method for

21、Measurement of Mass Loss andIgnitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Ra-diant HeaterE2187 Test Method for Measuring the Ignition Strength ofCigarettesE2226 Practice for Application of Hose StreamE2307 Test Method for Determining Fire Resistance ofPerimeter Fire Barriers Using Intermediate

22、-Scale, Multi-story Test ApparatusE2230 Practice for Thermal Qualification of Type B Pack-ages for Radioactive MaterialE2231 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofPipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess SurfaceBurning CharacteristicsE2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and Ce

23、ilingMaterials and AssembliesE2280 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect ofUpholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms ofHealth Care FacilitiesE2335 Guide for Laboratory MonitorsE2404 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofWall or Ceiling Coverings to Assess Surface Burning

24、CharacteristicsE2405 Test Method for Determination of Fire and ThermalParameters of Materials Using an Intermediate Scale Testwith Vertically Oriented Specimen (Withdrawn 2011)4E2536 Guide forAssessment of Measurement Uncertainty inFire TestsE2573 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofSit

25、e-Fabricated Stretch Systems to Assess Surface Burn-ing CharacteristicsE2574/E2574M Test Method for Fire Testing of School BusSeat AssembliesE2599 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofReflective Insulation, Radiant Barrier and Vinyl StretchCeiling Materials for Building Applications to A

26、ssessSurface Burning CharacteristicsE2652 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a TubeFurnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750CE2653 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine Precision Estimates for a Fire Test Methodwith Fewer Than Six Participating LaboratoriesE2

27、688 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofTapes to Assess Surface Burning CharacteristicsE2707 Test Method for Determining Fire Penetration ofExterior Wall Assemblies Using a Direct Flame Impinge-ment ExposureE2726/E2726M Test Method for Evaluating the Fire-Test-Response of Deck Structure

28、s to Burning BrandsE2749 Practice for Measuring the Uniformity of FurnaceExposure on Test SpecimensE2816 Test Methods for Fire Resistive Metallic HVAC DuctSystemsE2837 Test Method for Determining the Fire Resistance ofContinuity Head-of-Wall Joint Systems Installed BetweenRated Wall Assemblies and N

29、onrated Horizontal Assem-blies2.2 ISO Standards5:ISO 1182, Fire Tests-Building Materials-Non-Combustibility TestISO 13943, Fire Safety-Vocabulary3. Significance and Use3.1 DefinitionsTerms and related definitions given inSection 4 are intended for use uniformly and consistently in allfire test stand

30、ards and in all fire-test-response standards,fire-hazard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessmentstandards in which they appear.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:5Available from International Standardization Organization, ISO Central Secre-tariat 1, rue de Varemb, Case postale

31、 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland orAmerican National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10046.E176 12a23.2.1 As indicated in Section 4, terms and their definitionsare intended to provide a precise understanding and interpre-tation of fire-test-response standards, fire-hazard

32、-assessmentstandards, and fire-risk-assessment standards in which theyappear.3.2.2 A specific definition of a given term is applicable tothe standard or standards in which the term is described andused.3.2.3 Different definitions of the same term, appearingrespectively in two or more standards, are

33、acceptable providedeach one is consistent with and not in conflict with the standarddefinition for the same term, that is, concept.3.2.4 Each standard in which a term is used in a mannerspecially defined (see 1.1 and Section 5) shall list the term andits description under the subheading, Definitions

34、 of Terms.3.3 Definitions for some terms associated with fire issuesand not included in Terminology E176 are found in ISO 13943.When discrepancies exist, the definition in Terminology E176shall prevail.4. Terminology4.1 Terms and their standard definitions within the scope ofthis standard are given

35、in Section 4 in alphabetical order.AnnexA1 contains the definitions of terms that are included inother fire standards.4.2 Discussions associated with definitions are printed di-rectly under the appropriate definition. The date following eachdefinition or discussion indicates the year of introduction

36、 or oflatest revision of that particular definition or discussion.4.3 Definitions:afterglow, npersistence of glowing combustion after bothremoval of the ignition source and the cessation of anyflaming. (2005)6assembly, na unit or structure composed of a combination ofmaterials or products, or both.

37、(1990)burn, vto undergo combustion. (1989)char, vto form carbonaceous residue during pyrolysis orduring incomplete combustion. (1979)char, na carbonaceous residue formed by pyrolysis orincomplete combustion. (1979)chimney effectupward movement of hot fire effluent causedby convection currents confin

38、ed within an essentially verti-cal enclosure. (2006)DISCUSSIONThis usually draws more air into the fire. (2006)combustible, adjcapable of undergoing combustion. (1985)DISCUSSIONThe term combustible is often delimited to specificfire-exposure conditions. For example, building materials are consid-ere

39、d combustible if they are capable of undergoing combustion in air atpressures and temperatures that might occur during a fire in a building.Similarly, some materials that are not combustible under such condi-tions may be combustible when exposed to higher temperatures andpressures or to an oxygen-en

40、riched environment. Materials that are notcombustible in bulk form may be combustible in finely divided form.(1985)combustion, na chemical process of oxidation that occurs ata rate fast enough to produce temperature rise and usuallylight either as a glow or flame. (See also glow and smolder-ing. ) (

41、1989)combustion products, neffluent produced when a materialundergoes combustion (see also smoke; see also combus-tion). (2001)DISCUSSIONThe combustion process releases effluents that havemass, in gaseous, liquid, or solid form, and generates radiant energy, asheat or light, and sometimes sound. How

42、ever, the common usage of theterm combustion products in ASTM E05 standards is only for thosewhich have mass. (2001)composite, nstructured combination of two or more discretematerials. (2008)continuous, adjin data collection, conducted at intervals of5 s or less. (2008)effective heat of combustion,

43、nthe amount of heat generatedper unit mass lost by a material, product or assembly, whenexposed to specific fire test conditions (contrast gross heatof combustion) (2003).DISCUSSIONThe effective heat of combustion depends on the testmethod and is determined by dividing the measured heat release by t

44、hemass loss during a specified period of time under the specified testconditions. Typically, the specified fire test conditions are provided bythe specifications of the fire test standard that cites effective heat ofcombustion as a quantity to be measured. For certain fire testconditions, involving

45、very high heat and high oxygen concentrationsunder high pressure, the effective heat of combustion will approximatethe gross heat of combustion. More often, the fire test conditions willrepresent or approximate certain real fire exposure conditions, and theeffective heat of combustion is the appropr

46、iate measure. Typical unitsare kJ/g or MJ/kg. (2001)environment, nas related to fire, the conditions and sur-roundings that may influence the behavior of a material,product, or assembly when it is exposed to ignition sourcesor fire. (1989)fire, ndestructive burning as manifested by any or all of the

47、following: light, flame, heat, smoke. (1988)fire-characteristic profile, nan array of fire-test-responsecharacteristics, all measured using tests relevant to the samefire scenario, for a material, product, or assembly to address,collectively, the corresponding fire hazard. (See also firehazard, fire

48、 risk, and fire-test-response characteristic.)(1993)DISCUSSIONAn array of fire-test-response characteristics in a set ofdata relevant to the assessment of fire hazard in a particular firescenario. In other words, all the fire tests used would have a demon-strated validity for the fire scenario in qu

49、estion, for example by havingcomparable fire intensities. The fire-characteristic profile is intended asa collective guide to the potential fire hazard from a material, product,or assembly involved in a fire that could be represented by thelaboratory test conditions. (1993)fire exposure, nprocess by which or extent to whichhumans, animals, materials, products, or assemblies aresubjected to the conditions created by fire. (1991)fire gases, nthe airborne products emitted by a material,product, or assembly undergoing pyrolysis or combustion,that exist in the ga