ASTM E208-2006 Standard Test Method for Conducting Drop-Weight Test to Determine Nil-Ductility Transition Temperature of Ferritic Steels《开展落锤试验以测定铁素体钢无塑性转变温度的标准试验方法》.pdf

1、Designation: E 208 06Standard Test Method forConducting Drop-Weight Test to Determine Nil-DuctilityTransition Temperature of Ferritic Steels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 208; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c

2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThis dr

3、op-weight test was developed at the Naval Research Laboratory in 1952 and has been usedextensively to investigate the conditions required for initiation of brittle fractures in structural steels.Drop-weight test facilities have been established at several Naval activities, research institutions, and

4、industrial organizations in this country and abroad. The method is used for specification purposes byindustrial organizations and is referenced in several ASTM specifications and the ASME Boiler andPressure Vessel Code. This procedure was prepared to ensure that tests conducted at all locationswould

5、 have a common meaning. This test method was originally published as Department of the Navydocument NAVSHIPS-250-634-3.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the nil-ductility transition (NDT) temperature of ferritic steels,58 in.(15.9 mm) and thicker.1.2 This test method may be u

6、sed whenever the inquiry,contract, order, or specification states that the steels are subjectto fracture toughness requirements as determined by thedrop-weight test.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesaf

7、ety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Adjuncts:Drop Weight Machine23. Terminolog

8、y3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 ferriticthe word ferritic as used hereafter refers toall a-Fe steels. This includes martensitic, pearlitic, and allother nonaustenitic steels.3.1.2 nil-ductility transition (NDT) temperature the maxi-mum temperature where a standard drop-weight specimenbreaks when tested accor

9、ding to the provisions of this method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The drop-weight test employs simple beam specimensspecially prepared to create a material crack in their tensilesurfaces at an early time interval of the test. The test isconducted by subjecting each of a series (generally four toeig

10、ht) of specimens of a given material to a single impact loadat a sequence of selected temperatures to determine themaximum temperature at which a specimen breaks. The impactload is provided by a guided, free-falling weight with an energyof 250 to 1200 ft-lbf (340 to 1630 J) depending on the yieldstr

11、ength of the steel to be tested. The specimens are preventedby a stop from deflecting more than a few tenths of an inch.4.2 The usual test sequence is as follows: After the prepa-ration and temperature conditioning of the specimen, the initialdrop-weight test is conducted at a test temperature estim

12、ated tobe near the NDT temperature. Depending upon the results ofthe first test, tests of the other specimens are conducted atsuitable temperature intervals to establish the limits within10F (5C) for break and no-break performance. A duplicatetest at the lowest no-break temperature of the series isc

13、onducted to confirm no-break performance at this tempera-ture.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Committee E28 onMechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.07 onImpact Testing.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2006. Published November 2006. Originall

14、yapproved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E 208 95a (2000)e1.2Detail drawings for the construction of this machine are available from ASTMHeadquarters. Order ADJE0208. Original adjunct produced in 2002.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright AS

15、TM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.3 In 1984, the method of applying the crack-starter weldbead was changed from a two-pass technique to the currentsingle-pass procedure, and the practice of repair-welding of thecrack-starter weld

16、bead was prohibited. For steels whoseproperties are influenced by tempering or are susceptible totemper embrittlement, the nil-ductility transition (NDT) tem-perature obtained using the single-pass crack-starter weld beadmay not agree with that obtained using the previous two-passcrack-starter weld

17、bead, or when the crack-starter bead wasrepaired.5. Significance and Use5.1 The fracture-strength transitions of ferritic steels used inthe notched condition are markedly affected by temperature.For a given “low” temperature, the size and acuity of the flaw(notch) determines the stress level require

18、d for initiation ofbrittle fracture. The significance of this test method is related toestablishing that temperature, defined herein as the NDTtemperature, at which the “small flaw” initiation curve, Fig. 1,falls to nominal yield strength stress levels with decreasingtemperature, that is, the point

19、marked NDT in Fig. 1.5.2 Interpretations to other conditions required for fractureinitiation may be made by the use of the generalized flaw-size,stress-temperature diagram shown in Fig. 1. The diagram wasderived from a wide variety of tests, both fracture-initiationand fracture-arrest tests, as corr

20、elated with the NDT tempera-ture established by the drop-weight test. Validation of the NDTconcept has been documented by correlations with numerousservice failures encountered in ship, pressure vessel, machinerycomponent, forged, and cast steel applications.6. Apparatus6.1 The drop-weight machine i

21、s of simple design based onthe use of readily available structural steel products.2Theprincipal components of a drop-weight machine are a verticallyguided, free-falling weight, and a rigidly supported anvil whichprovides for the loading of a rectangular plate specimen as asimple beam under the falli

22、ng weight. Fig. 2(a) illustrates atypical drop-weight machine built of standard structuralshapes.6.2 A rail, or rails, rigidly held in a vertical position and ina fixed relationship to the base shall be provided to guide theweight. The weight shall be provided with suitable deviceswhich engage the r

23、ail, or rails, and ensure that it will dropfreely in a single, vertical plane. The weight may be raised byany convenient means. A weight-release mechanism, function-ing similarly to that shown in Fig. 2( b), shall be provided torelease the weight quickly without affecting its free fall. Theweight sh

24、all be made in one piece, or if made of several pieces,its construction shall be rigid to ensure that it acts as a unitwhen it strikes the specimen. The striking tup of the weightshall be a steel cylindrical surface with a radius of 1 in. (25.4mm) and a minimum hardness of HRC 50 throughout thesecti

25、on. The weight shall be between 50 and 300 lb (22.7 and136 kg). The rails and hoisting device shall permit raising theweight various fixed distances to obtain potential energies of250 to 1200 ft-lbf (340 to 1630 J).6.3 Ahorizontal base, located under the guide rails, shall beprovided to hold and pos

26、ition precisely the several styles ofanvils required for the standard specimens. The anvil guidesshall position the anvil with the center-line of the deflectionstops under the center-line of the striking tup of the weight. Ingeneral, the base will also support the guide rails, but this is nota requi

27、rement. The base shall rest on the rigid foundation. Thebase-foundation system shall be sufficiently rigid to allow thenormal drop-weight energy (Table 1) to deflect a standardspecimen to the stop at temperatures above the NDT. The baseshall not jump or shift during the test, and shall be secured to

28、the foundation if necessary to prevent motion.6.4 A guard screen, similar to that shown in Fig. 2(c), isrecommended to stop broken specimen halves of the verybrittle steels which break into two pieces with both halvesbeing ejected forcefully from the machine.6.5 The general characteristics of two of

29、 the anvils requiredare illustrated in Fig. 3. The anvils shall be made in accordanceFIG. 1 Generalized Fracture Analysis Diagram Indicating the Approximate Range of Flaw Sizes Required for Fracture Initiation atVarious Levels of Nominal Stress, as Referenced by the NDT Temperature,E208062(a) LeftCo

30、mplete Assembly(b) Upper RightQuick Release Mechanism(c) Lower RightGuard ScreenFIG. 2 Drop-Weight Test ApparatusTABLE 1 Standard Drop-Weight Test ConditionsType of SpecimenSpecimen Size,in. (mm)Span, in. (mm)Deflection Stop,in. (mm)Yield Strength Level,ksi (MPa)Drop-Weight Energy for GivenYield Str

31、ength LevelAft-lbf JP-1 1 by 312 by 14(25.4 by 89 by 356)12.0(305)0.3(7.6)30 to 50 (210 to 340)50 to 70 (340 to 480)70 to 90 (480 to 620)90 to 110 (620 to 760)60080010001200800110013501650P-234 by2by5(19 by 51 by 127)4.0(102)0.06(1.5)30 to 60 (210 to 410)60 to 90 (410 to 620)90 to 120 (620 to 830)12

32、0 to 150 (830 to 1030)250300350400350400450550P-358 by2by5(15.9 by 51 by 127)4.0(102)0.075(1.9)30 to 60 (210 to 410)60 to 90 (410 to 620)90 to 120 (620 to 830)120 to 150 (830 to 1030)250300350400350400450550AInitial tests of a given strength level steel shall be conducted with the drop-weight energy

33、 stated in this column. In the event that insufficient deflection is developed(no-test performance) an increased drop-weight energy shall be employed for other specimens of the given steel.E208063with the dimensions shown in Fig. 4. The anvil supports anddeflection stops shall be steel-hardened to a

34、 minimum hardnessof HRC 50 throughout their cross section. The space betweenthe two stops is provided as clearance for the crack-starter weldon the specimen. The deflection stops may be made in twoseparate pieces, if desired. The anvil-base system shall besufficiently rigid to allow the normal drop-

35、weight energy(Table 1) to deflect the specimen to the stop at temperatureswell above the NDT.6.6 A measuring system shall be provided to assure that theweight is released from the desired height for each test, withinthe limits of +10, 0 %.6.7 Modifications of the equipment or assembly details ofthe

36、drop-weight machine shown in Fig. 2 are permittedprovided that the modified machine is functionally equivalent.Fig. 5 illustrates a portable machine design used by anindustrial concern for drop-weight tests of materials used forpressure vessel components at different fabrication sites.7. Precautions

37、7.1 The drop-weight test was devised for measuring fractureinitiation characteristics of58-in. (15.9-mm) and thicker struc-tural materials. This test is not recommended for steels lessthan58-in. thick.7.2 This test method establishes standard specimens andconditions to determine the NDT temperature

38、of a given steel.The use of standard specimens with nonstandard test condi-tions or the use of nonstandard specimens shall not be allowedfor specification purposes.7.3 This test method employs a small weld bead depositedon the specimen surface, whose sole purpose is to provide abrittle material for

39、the initiation of a small, cleavage crack-flawin the specimen base material during the test. Anomalousbehavior may be expected for materials where the heat-affectedzone created by deposition of the crack-starter weld is mademore fracture resistant than the unaffected plate. This conditionis develope

40、d for quenched and tempered steels of high hard-ness obtained by tempering at low temperatures. The problemmay be avoided by placing the crack-starter weld on thesesteels before conducting the quenching and tempering heattreatment. Except for other cases which may be readilyrationalized in metallurg

41、ical terms (for example, it is possibleto recrystallize heavily cold-worked steels in the heat-affectedzone and to develop a region of improved ductility), theheat-affected zone problem is not encountered with conven-tional structural grade steels of a pearlitic microstructure orquenched and tempere

42、d steels tempered at high temperatures todevelop maximum fracture toughness.8. Test Specimens8.1 Identification of MaterialAll sample material andspecimens removed from a given plate, shape, forging, orcasting product shall be marked to identify their particularsource (heat number, slab number, etc.

43、).Asimple identificationFIG. 3 General Appearance of the Anvils Required for Drop-Weight NDT TestsE208064system shall be used which can be employed in conjunctionwith an itemized table to obtain all the pertinent information.8.2 OrientationThe drop-weight test is insensitive tospecimen orientation w

44、ith respect to rolling or forging direc-tion. However, unless otherwise agreed to, all specimensspecified by the purchaser shall be of the same orientation andit shall be noted in the test report.8.3 Relation to Other SpecimensUnless otherwise speci-fied by the purchaser, the specimens shall be remo

45、ved from thematerial at positions adjacent to the location of other type testspecimens (for example, mechanical test specimens) requiredfor evaluation of other material properties.8.4 Special Conditions for Forgings and CastingsWheredrop-weight testing of cast or forged material is specified, thesiz

46、e and location of integrally attached pad projections orprolongations to be used for specimen fabrication shall beagreed to in advance by the purchaser. If the design of thecasting or forging does not allow an attached test-materialcoupon, the following requirements shall apply:8.4.1 Drop-weight spe

47、cimens cast or forged separately tothe dimensions required for testing shall be allowed only wherethe product dimensions are equivalent and the purchaseragrees.8.4.2 Specimens may be taken from a separately producedtest-material coupon if the supplier can demonstrate that it isequivalent to the prod

48、uct with respect to chemical composition,soundness, and metallurgical conditions. The material shall befrom the same heat and shall have been fabricated underidentical conditions as the product. The specimens shall bemachine-cut from locations agreed to in advance by thepurchaser.8.4.3 Specifically,

49、 in the case of casting requiring X-rayquality standard, the separate test-material coupon shall be castseparately but simultaneously with the product. Chills shall notbe used. The test-material coupon shall be in proportion to thethickness, T, in the cast product, where T is diameter of thelargest circle that can be inscribed in any cross section of theAnvil Dimension UnitsSpecimen TypeToleranceP-1 P-2 P-3S, Span in.mm12.03054.01004.010060.0561.5D, Deflection stop in.mm0.307.600.0601.500.0751.9060.00260.05A, Anvil length not criticalB, Anvil width