1、Designation: E 252 06Standard Test Method forThickness of Foil, Thin Sheet, and Film by MassMeasurement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 252; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination o
3、f the thick-ness of metallic foil and sheet 0.015 in. (0.38 mm) and less inthickness by measuring the mass of a specimen of known areaand density. The test method is applicable to other sheet, foil,and film as indicated in Annex A3.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the s
4、tandard. The values given in parentheses are mathemati-cal conversions to SI units, which are provided for informationonly and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of
5、this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The following documents of the issue in effect on thedate of material purchase, unless otherwise noted, form a partof this specificat
6、ion to the extent referenced herein:2.2 ASTM Standards:2D 1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient TechniqueE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications3. Apparatus3.1 Precision Blanking Pressto cut foil or sheet circlesth
7、at are 8.000 6 0.008 in.2(51.613 6 0.051 cm2) in area or3.1915 6 0.0015 in. (81.06 6 0.04 mm) in diameter. Other sizespecimens may be used with the recognition that the accuracystated in 6.1 is no longer applicable. See Annex A1 for theselection of other specimen sizes and the resulting change inacc
8、uracy of the test method.3.2 Balancecapable of measuring to the nearest 0.1 mg ofthickness for the 8.000-in.2(51.613-cm2) circle.4. Procedure4.1 Blank an 8.000 6 0.008-in.2(51.613 6 0.051-cm2)circle representative of the foil or sheet, swab with acetone orother suitable solvent to ensure a surface f
9、ree of soil, anddetermine the mass of the clean, dry specimen to the nearest0.1 mg. Use a suitable solvent to remove any coating known toexceed 0.005 mg/ft2(4.645 mg/cm2) of surface area.5. Calculation5.1 Determine the thickness from the relationship:T 5MADwhere:T = thickness of the foil, sheet, or
10、film, in. (or cm),M = mass of the circle, g,A = area of the circle, in.2(or cm2), andD = density of the foil, sheet, or film, g/in.3(or Mg/m3).5.2 Densities of Aluminum Alloys:5.2.1 Calculate the density of aluminum foil or sheet fromchemical composition limits of the alloy by the methoddescribed in
11、 Annex A2. The densities of foil or sheet alloysdetermined in this manner are accurate to within 6 0.3 %.5.2.2 Calculated densities for some of the common foil orsheet alloys can be found in Table 1. A column headed “mils/gfor 8.000-in.2Area” is added for convenience in determiningthickness of the 8
12、.000-in.2(51.613-cm2) specimens. The massof the specimen in grams multiplied by this factor is equal tothe thickness of the foil or sheet in mils. One mil is equal to0.001 in. (0.0254 mm).6. Precision and Bias6.1 Following the procedure outlined in this test method,repeated mass measurements of the
13、same specimen on differentbalances should result in agreement within 1 mg. It is outsideof the scope of this test method to describe maintenance and1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B07 on LightMetals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B07.05 onTe
14、sting.Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published May 2006. Originallyapproved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E 252 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards vo
15、lume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.calibration procedures for balances,
16、but disagreement largerthan 1 mg warrants attention to maintenance or recalibration ofthe balance.ANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. SPECIMEN SIZE AND SHAPE AND ITS EFFECT ON ACCURACYA1.1 GeneralA1.1.1 Specimens of sizes and shapes other than the 8.000-in.2(51.613-cm2) circle maybe used provided cons
17、ideration isgiven to controllable factors affecting the accuracy of themethod. Specifically, the area of the specimen shall be knownand controlled to an accuracy of 60.1 %, and the minimummass of the specimen shall be 70 mg. Specimens ranging insize from 8 to 32 in.2(52 to 206 cm2) are convenient to
18、 handleand can be prepared to meet the aforementioned requirements.A1.2 Source of ErrorA1.2.1 Inherent errors in determining thickness by the massmeasurement method result from the limits on the accuracy ofthe density value assigned to the alloy, the accuracy with whicha specimen can be cut and its
19、area determined, and theaccuracy of the mass measurement. Much time could bedevoted to a discussion of refinement of errors but it shallsuffice here to draw on experience as a guide for determiningthe accuracy of the method.A1.3 Error from Uncertainty of the Densities of theSpecimen (ED)A1.3.1 The d
20、ensity of aluminum foil or sheet alloys shall bethose listed in Table 1 or it shall be determined by the methoddescribed in Annex A2. Values so obtained are accurate to6 0.3 % of the true density. The error imposed by uncertaintyof the density then is ED= 6 0.3 % of the thickness deter-mined.A1.4 Er
21、ror from Control of the Area of the Specimen(EA)A1.4.1 Aprecision blanking press can cut a specimen whosearea is known and reproducible to an accuracy of 60.1 %. If dis the specific diameter required to provide the area used in thethickness computation, then the error in area resulting from asmall e
22、rror, Dd, in the diameter is 200 Dd/d %. It follows thenthat to maintain an area accurate to 60.1 %, the tolerance onthe diameter of the blanked circle shall be 60.0005 times thecircle diameter. The fact that the tolerance on diameter de-creases in direct proportion to the diameter is a factor tocon
23、sider in selecting the specimen size to use in the method.Compliance with this tolerance limits the area error toEA= 6 0.1 % of the thickness determined.A1.5 Error from Measuring the Mass of the Specimen(EM)A1.5.1 The accuracy of measuring the mass of a foil orsheet specimen has been found to be 0.7
24、 mg. This imposes amaximum error on the method of 6 0.07/(TAD) %ofthethickness determined. Since D, density of the foil or sheet, isfixed, it is seen that the magnitude of the mass measurementerror is a function of the thickness, T, of the foil or sheet andthe area, A, of the specimen. The area, A,
25、is a controllablefactor in the method, and the importance of selecting a largearea to minimize the overall percentage error in the method forthin foil or sheet is apparent from a few simple calculations.The product TAD is the mass of the specimen in grams, so toprevent the mass measurement error fro
26、m introducing errors inTABLE 1 Densities of Aluminum Foil or Sheet Alloys Applicableto the Determination of Thickness by the Mass MeasurementMethodAlloyDensitymils/g for 8.000-in.2Areag/in.3Mg/m3A1100 44.41 2.71 2.8151145 44.24 2.700 2.8261188 44.24 2.700 2.8261199 44.24 2.700 2.8261235 44.33 2.705
27、2.8203003 44.74 2.73 2.7945052 43.92 2.68 2.8465056 43.26 2.64 2.8908079 44.57 2.72 2.8058111 44.41 2.71 2.815ARegistration Record of Aluminum Association Designations and ChemicalComposition Limits for Wrought Aluminum and Wrought Aluminum Alloys, Alumi-num Assoc., Washington, DC.E252062excess of 6
28、 1.0 %, it is necessary that the mass of the specimenbe larger than 70 mg. The maximum error in the method due tomass measurement then is EM= 6 0.07/(TAD) % of thethickness determined.A1.6 Maximum Error of the MethodA1.6.1 If ED, EA, and EMrepresent the errors in percentageof thickness determined as
29、 imposed by the limits of accuracy ofdensity, area, and mass measurement, respectively, then themaximum error of the method is (ED+EA+EM) percent of thethickness determined. Since these errors at a given test locationare normally in the nature of a bias rather than random error,the accuracy of the m
30、ethod is best described in terms of thismaximum error. The maximum error of the method in percentis as follows:ED1 EA1 EM5F0.4 10.07TAD!Gwhere TAD is the mass of the specimen in grams.A2. CALCULATING THE DENSITY OF ALUMINUM ALLOYSA2.1 CalculationA2.1.1 The following describes the procedures used toc
31、alculate nominal densities of aluminum and aluminum alloys.A2.1.2 The form shown in Table A2.1 is convenient formaking such calculations. A sample calculation is shown for5052 alloy.A2.1.2.1 For each alloying element, the arithmetic mean ofits registered limits is determined. The mean is rounded to
32、thenumber of places indicated in Table A2.2. Rounding, exceptwhen specified otherwise, shall be in accordance with therounding method of Practice E29.A2.1.2.2 For each impurity element or combination ofimpurity elements for which a maximum limit is registered, anarithmetic mean is determined using z
33、ero as the minimumlimit. The mean is rounded to the number of places indicated inTable A2.1.A2.1.2.3 For impurity elements having a combined limit(such as Si + Fe), each of the elements is considered to have anequal concentration. The concentrations are calculated bydividing the mean determined for
34、the combined limit inA2.1.2.2 by the number of elements in the combined limit.Each element concentration is rounded to the number of placesindicated in Table A2.1.A2.1.2.4 The element concentrations in A2.1.2.1-A2.1.2.3are totaled and then subtracted from 100 to obtain the concen-tration of aluminum
35、 to be used in the calculation. Thealuminum concentration is rounded to two decimal places. For1XXX series aluminum, calculated aluminum content may beless than the specified minimum aluminum content. Neverthe-less, the calculated aluminum content should be used forpurposes of this calculation proce
36、dure.A2.1.2.5 Each element concentration determined inA2.1.2.1-A2.1.2.4 is multiplied by the value 1/Density given inTable A2.2. Each of these results is rounded to three decimalplaces.A2.1.2.6 The values determined in A2.1.2.5 are addedtogether and this sum is divided into the number 100. Theresult
37、 is the unrounded density in Mg/m3.A2.1.2.7 The final expression of density in metric units(Mg/m3) is obtained by rounding the value determined inA2.1.2.6 as follows:(1) For aluminum and aluminum alloys having a specifiedminimum aluminum content of 99.35 % or greater, the valueTABLE A2.1 Density Cal
38、culations of Aluminum and AluminumAlloys at 20CExample for Alloy 5052Element1/DensityABC(m3/Mg)Mass PercentPresent1/Density 3 MassPercent PresentCu 0.1116 0.05 0.006Fe 0.1271 0.20 0.025Si 0.4292 0.12 0.052Mn 0.1346 0.05 0.007Mg 0.5522D2.5 1.380Zn 0.1401 0.05 0.007Ni 0.1123Cr 0.1391 0.25 0.035Ti 0.22
39、19Pb 0.0882V 0.1639B 0.4274Be 0.5411Zr 0.1541Ga 0.1693Bi 0.1020Sn 0.1371Cd 0.1156CCo 0.1130CLi 1.4410D3.22(Subtotal)1.512AI 0.3705 96.78(Remainder)35.857100.00(Total)37.369Calculated Density100/37.369 = 2.68 Mg/m3= 43.92 g/in.3AAluminum Properties and physical Metallurgy, Edited by John C. Hatch,Ame
40、rican Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1984, pp. 201 203.BKunkle, D. E., and Willey, L. A., “Densities of Wrought Aluminum Alloys,”Journal of Materials, ASTM, Vol 1, No. 1, March 1966.CHandbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st Edition, CRC Press, 1991.DThe densities used for these elements are dif
41、ferent than the handbookdensities because of the metallurgical formations that normally occur in alloyscontaining these elements.TABLE A2.2 Precision for Standard Limits for Alloy Elementsand ImpuritiesLess than 1/1000% 0.00031/1000 to 1/100 % 0.0031/100 to 1/10 %Unalloyed aluminum made by a refinin
42、g process 0.033Alloys and unalloyed aluminum not made by arefining process0.030.031/10 through 1/2 % 0.33Over 1/2 % 0.3, 3 .3, and soforth.E252063obtained is rounded to the nearest multiple of .005 andexpressed as X.XX0 or X.XX5.(2) For aluminum and aluminum alloys having a specifiedminimum aluminum
43、 content less than 99.35 %, the valueobtained is rounded to the nearest multiple of .01 and ex-pressed as X.XX.NOTE A2.1Limiting the expression of density to the number ofdecimal places indicated above is based on the fact that compositionvariations are discernible from one cast to another for most
44、alloys. Theexpression of density values to more decimal places than is outlined aboveinfers a higher precision than is justified and should not be used.A2.1.2.8 The density in g/in.3is calculated by multiplyingthe value obtained in A2.1.2.7 by 16.387 and rounding to twodecimal places.A2.2 AccuracyA2
45、.2.1 The accuracy of the density arrived at by this methodis 60.3 % of the determined value for the common foil or sheetalloys and 6 0.5 % for highly alloyed compositions such as2024.A3. USE OF METHOD FOR POLYETHYLENE FILMA3.1 ScopeA3.1.1 This method is applicable to a wide range of film,foil, or sh
46、eet. As an example of the slight modificationsrequired for adaptation to other materials, the procedurerecommended for polyethylene film of 0.002 in. (0.05 mm) andless in thickness is described.A3.2 ApparatusA3.2.1 A hand striking die is a convenient way to cut thespecimen. The precision blanking pr
47、ess with the polyethylenefilm on a piece of paper will also produce good results, but anyother method capable of the desired precision may be used.A3.3 Test SpecimenA3.3.1 Because of the lower density of polyethylene film, aminimum specimen of 16.000 6 0.016 in.2(103.23 6 0.10cm2) is recommended; ot
48、her specimen sizes may be used asdiscussed in Annex A1. If there is evidence of surfacecontamination, the specimen may be wiped clean with a drycloth or tissue, but no solvent should be used.A3.4 CalculationsA3.4.1 The density of polyethylene film may be determineddirectly by Test Method D 1505. In
49、many cases the film densitywill be known within the accuracy needed for this method(about 0.5 %) from specifications or previous experience.Polyethylene density is usually reported in g/cm3. To convertthis to g/in.3as needed in this calculation, multiply by 16.39.SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee B07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E 252 05)that may impact its use. (Approved in May 1, 2006.)(1) Changed the lithium inverse density factor in Table A2.1 to1.4410 to agree with AS or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org
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