1、Designation: E272 10Standard Reference Radiographs forHigh-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper AlloyCastings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E272; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate
3、 various catego-ries, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring inhigh-strength copper-base, nickel-copper, and related alloycastings. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to thisdocument and must be purchased separately from ASTMInternational, if needed (see 2.3). Categories
4、and severitylevels for each discontinuity type represented by these refer-ence radiographs are described in 1.2.NOTE 1The basis of application for these reference radiographsrequires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examinationattributes and classification criterion described in
5、Sections 4, 7, 8, 9, and10 of this standard.1.2 These reference radiographs consist of forty-five 5 by7-in. (127 by 178-mm) nominal size reproductions (twentymade from 1-in. (25.4-mm) plate castings exposed with lowvoltage X-rays for thicknesses up to and including 2 in.) andtwenty-five made from 3-
6、in. (76-mm) plate castings exposedwith 2 MV X-rays or Cobalt 60 isotope for thicknesses greaterthan 2 in. up to and including 6 in. Unless otherwise specifiedin a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each discontinuitycategory is for comparison only with production radiographsproduced with radiat
7、ion energy levels within the thicknessrange covered by the category. These reference radiographsillustrate discontinuities in sand-cast manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze-alloy plates and are representative of thosefound in narrow freezing range (formerly “high shrinkage”),high-strength copper and nic
8、kel-copper alloys. Following is alist of discontinuity categories, types and severity levels for theadjunct reference radiographs of this standard (see Note 2):1.2.1 Category AGas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5for two thickness ranges.1.2.1.1 AXUp to and including 2 inches (50.8 mm) (called“C
9、ode A Discontinuity type” in previous revisions).1.2.1.2 AGGreater than 2 in. (50.8 mm) up to and includ-ing 6 in. (152.4 mm) (called “Code A Discontinuity type” inprevious revisions).1.2.2 Category BInclusions1.2.2.1 BaSand inclusions, severity levels 1 through 5 fortwo thickness ranges.(1) BaXUp t
10、o and including 2 in. (50.8 mm) (called“Code Ba Discontinuity type” in previous revisions).(2) BaGGreater than 2 in. (50.8 mm) up to and including6 in. (152.4 mm) (called “Code Ba Discontinuity type” inprevious revisions).1.2.2.2 BbDross inclusions, severity levels 1 through 5for two thickness range
11、s.(1) BbX-Up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm) (called“Code Bb Discontinuity type” in previous revisions).(2) BbGgreater than 2 in. (50.8 mm) up to and including6 in. (152.4 mm) (called “Code Bb Discontinuity type” inprevious revisions).1.2.3 Category CShrinkage; three types1.2.3.1 Calinear shrinkage
12、, severity levels 1 through 5 for2 inches to and including 6 in. (50.8 to 152.4 mm) in thickness1.2.3.2 Cbfeathery shrinkage, severity levels 1 through 5for thicknesses up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm). (Called“Cd feathery shrinkage” in previous revisions).1.2.3.3 Ccspongy shrinkage, severity lev
13、els 1 through5 for 2 in. to and including 6 in. (50.8 to 152.4 mm) inthickness (called “Cd spongy shrinkage” in previous revi-sions).NOTE 2Discontinuity classes designated with a subscript “X” wereproduced with low energy X-ray radiation; discontinuity classes desig-nated with subscript “G” were pro
14、duced with Cobalt 60 and/or 2 MVX-rays and are the same reference radiographs and thickness ranges usedin previous editions of this standard. Section 4 details the significance anduse of these reference radiographs.1These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM CommitteeE07 on Nonde
15、structive Testing and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteesE07.02 on Reference Radiological Images and E07.93 on Illustration Monitoring.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. Originallyapproved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E272 - 99(2004)1.DOI
16、: 10.1520/E0272-10.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associate
17、d with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B148 Specification for Aluminum-Bronze Sand CastingsB369 Speci
18、fication for Copper-Nickel Alloy CastingsB584 Specification for Copper Alloy Sand Castings forGeneral ApplicationsE94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-in. 51 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsE242 Reference Radiographs for Appearances of Radio-graphic Im
19、ages as Certain Parameters Are ChangedE192 Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castingsfor Aerospace ApplicationsE446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.51 mm in ThicknessE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 Military Specification:MIL-B-21230A Bronze, NickelAlu
20、minum and Manganese-Nickel Aluminum, Casting, Ship Propeller Application32.3 ASTM Adjuncts:Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-Base andNickel-Copper Alloy Castings43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this docu-ment, see Terminology E1316.3.2 Definitions of Terms
21、Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 production radiographa radiograph under reviewfor compliance with this standard.3.2.2 discontinuity typea specific discontinuity character-ized by its cause and appearance. For example: linear shrink-age is a specific discontinuity type.3.2.3 discontinuity categorya n
22、omenclature system usedfor grouping discontinuity types. For example: linear shrinkageis assigned category “Ca” where “C” represents the generalshrinkage category and “a” represents the specific linearshrinkage discontinuity type.3.2.4 discontinuity severity levela relative rank in termsof “quantity
23、, size and distribution” of a collection of disconti-nuities where “1” is the least and “5” is the greatest “quantity,size and distribution” present on the reference radiograph.Example: a severity level of “1” is more restrictive (requires ahigher level of workmanship fabrication quality) than a sev
24、er-ity level of “2”.3.2.5 discontinuity classan assigned workmanship fabri-cation quality rating characterized by a discontinuity type,category and severity level. For example: “Ca 2” is a discon-tinuity class comprised of linear shrinkage with a severity levelof “2”.3.2.6 classification specificati
25、ona set of user defined ac-ceptance criterion that prescribes the radiographic workman-ship discontinuity class requirements for a specified usercasting service application (see Sections 7 and 8).3.2.7 graded illustrationa category of discontinuity that isassigned a severity level.3.2.8 ungraded ill
26、ustrationa category of discontinuitywithout an assigned severity level.3.2.9 proratingassignment of quantity, size and distribu-tion on a production radiograph in proportion to a similar sizearea of a reference radiograph. For example: a productionradiograph covers an area that is smaller than the u
27、nit area ofa reference radiograph and the extent of discontinuity on theapplicable reference radiograph is reduced proportionately.4. Significance and Use4.1 Reference radiographs for high-strength copper-baseand nickel-copper alloy castings are intended to be used as aguide to the recognition of co
28、mmon discontinuities and theirdifferentiation both as to type and severity level. Discontinuitytypes most common to these alloys are illustrated. Otherdiscontinuity types such as hot tears, cracks and unfusedchaplets are illustrated in applicable Reference RadiographsE186, E192, and E446. For refere
29、nce, descriptions of typicalcasting defects and corresponding radiographic indicationtypes are contained in Section 5. Purchasers and suppliers may,by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity classes(see 1.2) to serve as standards representing minimum levels ofacceptability. (See Sections 7
30、 and 8.)4.2 Reference radiographs represented by this standard maybe used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, forenergy levels, thicknesses or both outside the range of thisstandard when determined applicable for the casting serviceapplication.4.3 Procedures for evaluation of producti
31、on radiographsusing applicable reference radiographs of this standard areprescribed in Section 9; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applicationswhere it may be appropriate to modify or alter such require-ments. Where such modifications may be app
32、ropriate for thecasting application, all such changes shall be called-out in thepurchaser supplier agreement or contractual document. Section10 addresses purchaser supplier requisites where weld repairsmay be required.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact AS
33、TM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-50984Available from A
34、STM Headquarters. Order RRE0272.E272 1024.4 The following ASTM specifications illustrate alloys thatmay be used with these standards. It is intended that thesereference radiographs also apply to related government andcommercial material specifications.Alloys ASTM SpecificationsAAluminum Bronze B148N
35、ickel-Aluminum Bronze B148Copper-Nickel B369Manganese Bronze B584Alloys Government SpecificationAManganese-Nickel-Aluminum Bronze MIL-B-21230AAlloy No. 2.Nickel-Copper MIL-B-21230AAlloy No. 2.ASee Section 2 for the complete title(s) of these specification(s).5. Descriptions of Discontinuities5.1 The
36、 following paragraphs are provided to aid in theidentification and classification of discontinuities. They brieflydescribe the radiographic appearance of common types ofdiscontinuities and indicate their probable cause.5.1.1 Gas HolesAppear as round or elongated smooth-edged dark spots which may occ
37、ur either individually, inclusters, or distributed throughout the casting section. They aregenerally caused by trapped air or mold gases.NOTE 3Discontinuities caused by evolved gases may occur as moreor less spherical voids, but may also occur as elongated “worm holes” orcavities somewhat resembling
38、 certain types of shrinkage. It is recom-mended that the “worm hole” cavities be evaluated by the use of thefeathery or spongy shrinkage category reference radiographs.5.1.2 ShrinkageShrinkage is generally associated withimproper feeding and manifests itself in the following differentindication form
39、s:5.1.2.1 Sponge ShrinkageFound in heavier sections (gen-erally over 2 in. in thickness). It appears on the radiographs asa dark area or areas, lacy in texture, usually with a diffuseoutline.5.1.2.2 Feathery ShrinkageFound in thinner sections (un-der approximately 2 in.). It appears on radiographs a
40、s spongebut with a more feathery outline.5.1.2.3 Linear ShrinkageUsually a continuous structureof connected lines, branches or network of variable length,width, and density.5.1.3 Hot TearsThe similarly appearing “hot tear” and“linear shrinkage” have distinctive characteristics. The follow-ing inform
41、ation is presented as a guide to interpreters tominimize confusion in distinguishing hot tears from linearshrinkage:5.1.3.1 Hot tears usually occur singly; shrinkage will gen-erally be multiple.5.1.3.2 Hot tears propagate at or near the surface; shrinkageappears to propagate at or near the midsectio
42、n.5.1.3.3 Hot tears generally occur at hot spots or sectionchanges; linear shrinkage frequently occurs at uniform sectionsalso.5.1.3.4 Hot tears occur where temperature gradients arehigh; shrinkage occurs where temperature gradients are low.5.1.3.5 Hot tears occur transverse to the direction of grea
43、teststress.5.1.3.6 Hot tears can only be counteracted by altering thestress pattern or thermal pattern; shrinkage can always becountered by sufficient feed metal.5.1.4 Nonmetallic Inclusions:5.1.4.1 SandIrregularly, angularly shaped indications,more dense than the background, caused by clumps of tra
44、ppedsand particles or pebbles.5.1.4.2 DrossA series of lines in a swirl pattern some-times combined with agglomerated irregular indications. Drossis generally considered to represent oxidized metal.6. Method of Preparation6.1 The original radiographs used to prepare the adjunctreference radiographs
45、were produced on ASTM Class I filmsystems using methods described in 1.2, including the use ofmanganese-nickel-aluminum bronze plate castings. Table 1lists the chemical composition and mechanical property limitsfor the alloy type used. The original radiographs were madewith penetrameter sensitivity,
46、 as determined by ASTM penet-rameters (see Guide E94), of 2-2T. The adjunct referenceradiographs are reproductions prepared to an optical density of2.00 to 2.25 and have substantially retained the contrast of theoriginal radiographs. In preparing these reference radiographs,the objective was to obta
47、in progressively graduated severitylevels for each graded discontinuity category. Similar discon-tinuity categories, that is, Ba and Bb, do not necessarily reflectsimilar levels of severity for specific casting design applica-tions.6.2 Film DeteriorationRadiographic films are subject towear and tear
48、 from handling and use. The extent to which theimages deteriorate over time is a function of storage condi-tions, care in handling and the amount of use. Referenceradiograph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss inimage quality over time. The radiographs, therefore, should beperiodically exa
49、mined for signs of wear and tear, includingscratched, abrasions, stains and so forth. Any reference radio-graphs which show signs of excessive wear and tear whichcould influence the interpretation and use of the radiographsshould be replaced.7. Determination of Radiographic Classification7.1 For purposes of casting evaluations, a determinationmust be made of the radiographic discontinuity classificationsTABLE 1 Alloy Type Used to Produce Plate Castings for OriginalRadiographs(Composition MIL-B-21230A (SHIPS)Alloy No. 2)Chemical Composition,
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