1、Designation: E280 10E280 15Standard Reference Radiographs forHeavy-Walled (412 to 12-in. 12 in. (114 to 305-mm) 305 mm)Steel Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E280; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These refer
3、ence radiographs2 illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in steelcastings that have section thicknesses of 412 to 12 in. 12 in. (114 to 305 mm). The reference radiograph films are an adjunct tothis document and must be purchased separately from ASTM In
4、ternational, if needed (see 2.2). Categories and severity levels foreach discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in 1.2.NOTE 1The basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attribu
5、tesand classification criterion as described in Sections 4, 6, and 7 of this standard. Reference radiographs for other steel casting thicknesses may be foundin Reference Radiograph standards E446 and E186. Reference radiograph E186 provides some overlap of severity levels for similar discontinuityca
6、tegories within the same energy level range (see 4.2, 5.1, and 6.3).1.2 These reference radiographs consist of two separate volumes as follows1.2.1 Volume I: 2-MV X-rays and Cobalt-60This includes cobalt-60 or equivalent isotope radiation and from 2-MV up to4-MV X-rays. Set of 28 plates in 812 by 11
7、 in. (216 by 279 mm) 279 mm) ring binders.1.2.2 Volume II: 4-MV to 30-MV X-raysSet of 28 plates in 8 12 by 11 in. (216 by 279 mm) ring binders.1.2.3 Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each volume is for comparison only withproduction radiographs produced with rad
8、iation energy levels within the thickness range covered by this standard. Each volumeconsists of three categories of graded discontinuities in increasing severity levels, and three categories of ungraded discontinuities.Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guid
9、e for recognition of a specific castingdiscontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types and severity levelsfor the adjunct reference radiographs of this standard:1.2.3.1 Category AGas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5.1.2.3.2 Categor
10、y BSand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5.1.2.3.3 Category CShrinkage; three types:(1) Ca Linear ShrinkageSeverity levels 1 through 5 (called Type 1 in previous revisions).(1) Ca Linear ShrinkageSeverity levels 1 through 5 (called Type 1 in previous revisions).(2) Cb Feathery Shrinkag
11、e Severity levels 1 through 5 (called Type 2 in previous revisions).(3) Cc Sponge ShrinkageSeverity levels 1 through 5 (called Type 3 in previous revisions).(2) Cb Feathery ShrinkageSeverity levels 1 through 5 (called Type 2 in previous revisions).(3) Cc Sponge ShrinkageSeverity levels 1 through 5 (
12、called Type 3 in previous revisions).1.2.3.4 Category DCrack; one illustration D5 in pre-1972 documents.1.2.3.5 Category EHot tear; one illustration D3 in pre-1972 documents.1.2.3.6 Category FInsert; one illustration EB2 in pre-1972 documents.1.3 From time to time, there may be minor changes to the
13、process for manufacturing of the reference radiograph adjunctmaterials. These changes could include changes in the films or processing chemicals used, changes in the dies or printing for thecardboard mats, etc.; however, in all cases, these changes are reviewed by the Illustration Monitoring Subcomm
14、ittee and allreference radiographs are reviewed against a fixed prototype image to ensure that there are no changes to the acceptance level1 These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittees E07.0
15、2on Reference Radiological Images and E07.93 on Illustration Monitoring.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010Sept. 1, 2015. Published February 2010September 2015. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 20042010as E280 - 98E280 - 10.(2004)1. DOI: 10.1520/E0280-10.10.1520/E0280
16、-15.2 For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Reference Radiographs SE 280 in Section V of that Code.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Beca
17、useit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 B
18、arr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1represented by the reference radiographs. Therefore, the adjunct reference radiographs remain valid for use with this standardregardless of the date of production or the revision level of the text standard.1.4 The values
19、stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. SI values are shown for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
20、health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412 in. (50.8 to 114 mm) Steel CastingsE242 Reference Radiographs for Appearances
21、of Radiographic Images as Certain Parameters are ChangedE446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in ThicknessE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:4Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 12 to 12-in. 12 in. (114 to 305-mm) 305 mm) Steel Cast
22、ings:Volume I, 2-MV to 4 MV X-rays and Cobalt-605Volume II, 4-MV to 30-MV X-RayX-rays63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to radiographic examination, see Terminology E1316.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 production radiographa radiograph under rev
23、iew for compliance with this standard.3.2.2 discontinuity typea specific discontinuity characterized by its cause and appearance. For example: linear shrinkage is aspecific discontinuity type.3.2.3 discontinuity categorya nomenclature system used for grouping discontinuity types. For example: linear
24、 shrinkage isassigned category “Ca” where “C” represents the general shrinkage category and “a” represents the specific linear shrinkagediscontinuity type.3.2.4 discontinuity severity levela relative rank in terms of “quantity, size and distribution” of a collection of discontinuitieswhere “1” is th
25、e least and “5” is the greatest “quantity, size and distribution” present on the reference radiograph. Example: aseverity level of “1” is more restrictive (requires a higher level of workmanship fabrication quality) than a severity level of “2”.3.2.5 discontinuity classan assigned workmanship fabric
26、ation quality rating characterized by a discontinuity type, categoryand severity level. For example: “Ca 2” is a discontinuity class comprised of linear shrinkage with a severity level of “2”.3.2.6 classification specificationa set of user defined acceptance criterion that prescribes the radiographi
27、c workmanshipdiscontinuity class requirements for a specified user casting service application (see Sections 6 and 7).3.2.7 graded illustrationa category of discontinuity that is assigned a severity level.3.2.8 ungraded illustrationa category of discontinuity without an assigned severity level.3.2.9
28、 proratingassignment of quantity, size and distribution on a production radiograph in proportion to a similar size area ofa reference radiograph. For example: a production radiograph covers an area that is smaller than the unit area of a referenceradiograph and the extent of discontinuity on the app
29、licable reference radiograph is reduced proportionately.4. Significance and Use4.1 Graded reference radiographs are intended to provide a guide enabling recognition of specific casting discontinuity typesand relative severity levels that may be encountered during typical fabrication processes. Refer
30、ence radiographs containingungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels maynot be needed. These reference radiographs are intended as a basis from which manufacturers and purchasers may, by mutualagreement, select par
31、ticular workmanship classes to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability (see Sections6 and 7).3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to
32、the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Available from ASTM Headquarters.5 Order RRE028001.6 Order RRE028002.E280 1524.2 Reference radiographs represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, forenergy levels, thicknesses or both outside t
33、he range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application.Overlapping severity levels of similar discontinuity categories and energy level range of E186 reference radiographs mayalternatively be used, as determined appropriate for the casting service application, if so
34、 agreed upon in a purchaser supplieragreement (see 5.1).4.3 Procedures for evaluation of production radiographs using applicable reference radiographs of this standard are prescribedin Section 8; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications whe
35、re it maybe appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, allsuch changes shall be specifically called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document. Section 9 addressespurchaser supplier requisites where
36、weld repairs may be required.5. Method of Preparation5.1 The original radiographs used to prepare the adjunct reference radiographs were produced on ASTM Class I or II filmsystems by the respective use of radiation energies stated in 1.2.1 and 1.2.2. The original radiographs were made with apenetram
37、eter sensitivity as determined by ASTM penetrameters (see Guide E94) of 2-2T. The adjunct reference radiographs arereproductions prepared to an optical density of 2.00 to 2.25 and they have substantially retained the contrast of the originalradiographs. In preparing these reference radiographs, the
38、objective was to obtain progressively graduated severity levels for eachgraded discontinuity category over the thickness range of this standard. Additionally, some overlap of severity levels may occurfor similar discontinuity categories of Reference Radiograph standard E186 with the same energy leve
39、l range. For example,aggregate gas porosity severity level 1 of this standard is less severe than aggregate porosity severity level 5 of E186 (see 6.3).5.2 Film DeteriorationRadiographic films are subject to wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the imagedeteriorates over time is
40、a function of storage conditions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radiograph films are noexception and may exhibit a loss in image quality over time. The radiographs should therefore be periodically examined for signsof wear and tear, including scratches, abrasions, stains, and so fort
41、h.Any reference radiographs which show signs of excessive wearand tear which could influence the interpretation and use of the radiographs should be replaced.6. Determination of Radiographic Classification6.1 For purposes of evaluation of castings, a determination must be made of the radiographic di
42、scontinuity classification to beassigned to individual castings or specific areas of castings. The determination of the applicable radiographic discontinuityclassification shall be based on an evaluation of the casting applications, design, and service requirements. In these evaluations,consideratio
43、n shall be given to such factors as pressure, temperature, section thickness, applicable design safety factor, vibration,shock, resistance to corrosion, involvement of penetrating radiations or radiation products, and involvement of dangerous gasesor liquids.6.2 For each individual casting or specif
44、ic area of a casting to be radiographed, the discontinuity class must be clearly specified.For example: severity level 2 might be specified for linear shrinkage, Category Ca, and severity level 3 for gas porosity, CategoryA, since the latter are generally much less deleterious to tensile properties
45、(see Section 7).6.3 When determining discontinuity severity levels for individual castings spanning multiple thickness ranges outside the rangeof this standard, consideration should be given to the potential for overlapping severity levels as described in 4.2 and Section 5.6.4 Production radiographs
46、 which are compared to reference radiographs should have an optical density in the area of interestin accordance with Guide E94 and a specified minimum radiographic sensitivity (quality level) of 2 % (2-2T).5 Other radiographicquality levels or optical densities may be designated, but then a corresp
47、onding change in severity level for each discontinuitycategory should be anticipated and hence specified.7. Classification Specifications7.1 The applicable radiographic discontinuity classification should be designated by the contracting agency in formalspecifications or drawings and in the specific
48、 contract or order. The specifications, drawings, contract, or order should alsodesignate the sampling plan for the castings to be radiographed and the extent of radiographic coverage, radiographic practice tobe followed (Guide E94), image quality desired (see Note 2) as well as the severity of acce
49、ptable discontinuity for gradedcategories.NOTE 2For description of sensitivity or image quality levels, see Guide E94 and Reference Radiograph standard E242.8. Procedure for Evaluation8.1 Compare the production radiographs of the casting submitted for evaluation with the reference radiographs exposed at anequivalent energy range within the thickness range of this standard (unless otherwise specifiedsee Section 4).E280 1538.2 When the severity level of discontinuities in the production radiograph being evaluated is equal to or less than the s
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