1、Designation: E310 10E310 15Standard Reference Radiographs forTin Bronze Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E310; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren
2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various categories, types
3、 and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in tin bronzeand related alloy castings. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately fromASTM International if needed (see 2.2). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represente
4、d by these referenceradiographs are described in 1.2.NOTE 1The basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributesand classification criterion described in Sections 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10 of this standard.1.2 These ref
5、erence radiographs consists of twenty-two 212 by 512-in. (63.5 by 139.7-mm) nominal size reproductionsoriginally exposed with low voltage X-rays. Fifteen of these were produced with 1 in. (25.4 mm) plate castings and seven (sandinclusions, inserts, chaplets) were produced with 34-in. plate castings
6、originally derived for NAVSHIPS 250-537-1 and -2. The1-in. plate castings cover gas porosity, linear shrinkage, and feathery shrinkage discontinuity types. The original radiographsillustrate discontinuities in sand cast 88:8:4 Cu-Sn-Zn, “G” type, bronze alloy plates and are representative of those f
7、ound in widesolidification range copper-tin base alloys. Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types and severity levels for the adjunctreference radiographs of this standard:1.2.1 Category AGas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5 for up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm). (Called “Code A
8、discontinuity type” in previous revisions).1.2.2 Category BSand inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5 for up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm). (Called “Code Bdiscontinuity type” in previous revisions).1.2.3 Category CShrinkage; two types (Called “Code C discontinuity type in previous revisions).1.
9、2.3.1 CaLinear shrinkage; severity levels 1 through 5 for up to and including 2 inches (50.8 mm). (Called “Code Cadiscontinuity type” in previous revisions).1.2.3.2 CdFeathery and spongy shrinkage (see note 1); severity levels 1 through 5 for up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm).(Called “Code Cd disc
10、ontinuity type in previous revisions).NOTE 2The feathery shrinkage discontinuity type is used to illustrate aggregate severity levels for either feathery or spongy shrinkage discontinuitytypes (see 6.1).1.2.4 Category DHot tear; one illustration (Called “Code Da discontinuity type” in previous revis
11、ions).1.2.5 Category EInserts, chaplets; one illustration (Called “Code Eb discontinuity type” in previous revisions).1.3 From time to time, there may be minor changes to the process for manufacturing of the reference radiograph adjunctmaterials. These changes could include changes in the films or p
12、rocessing chemicals used, changes in the dies or printing for thecardboard mats, etc.; however, in all cases, these changes are reviewed by the Illustration Monitoring Subcommittee and allreference radiographs are reviewed against a fixed prototype image to ensure that there are no changes to the ac
13、ceptance levelrepresented by the reference radiographs. Therefore, the adjunct reference radiographs remain valid for use with this standardregardless of the date of production or the revision level of the text standard.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. Th
14、e values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1 These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittees E07.
15、02 onReference Radiological Images and Subcommittee E07.93 on Illustration Monitoring.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010Sept. 1, 2015. Published February 2010September 2015. Originally approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 20042010as E310 - 99E310 - 10.(2004)1 . DOI: 10.1520/E0310-1
16、0.10.1520/E0310-15.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that user
17、s consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.5 This standard does not pu
18、rport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B61
19、 Specification for Steam or Valve Bronze CastingsB62 Specification for Composition Bronze or Ounce Metal CastingsB271 Specification for Copper-Base Alloy Centrifugal CastingsB584 Specification for Copper Alloy Sand Castings for General ApplicationsE94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE242 Reference
20、 Radiographs for Appearances of Radiographic Images as Certain Parameters are ChangedE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze Castings33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms related to radiographic examination, see Termino
21、logy E1316.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 production radiographa radiograph under review for compliance with this standard.3.2.2 discontinuity typea specific discontinuity characterized by its cause and appearance. For example, linear shrinkage is aspecific discontinuity ty
22、pe.3.2.3 discontinuity categorya nomenclature system used for grouping discontinuity types. For example, linear shrinkage isassigned category “Ca” where “C” represents the general shrinkage category and “a” represents the specific linear shrinkagediscontinuity type.3.2.4 discontinuity severity level
23、a relative rank in terms of “quantity, size and distribution” of a collection of discontinuitieswhere “1” is the least and “5” is the greatest “quantity, size and distribution” present on the reference radiograph. For example,a severity level of “1” is more restrictive (requires a higher level of fa
24、brication quality) than a severity level of “2”.3.2.5 discontinuity classan assigned fabrication quality rating characterized by a discontinuity type, category and severitylevel. For example, “Ca 2” is a discontinuity class comprised of linear shrinkage with a severity level of “2”.3.2.6 classificat
25、ion specificationa set of user defined acceptance criterion that prescribes the radiographic discontinuity classrequirements for a specified user casting service application (see Sections 7 and 8).3.2.7 graded illustrationa category of discontinuity that is assigned a severity level.3.2.8 ungraded i
26、llustrationa category of discontinuity without an assigned severity level.3.2.9 proratingassignment of quantity, size and distribution on a production radiograph in proportion to a similar size area ofa reference radiograph. For example, a production radiograph covers an area that is smaller than th
27、e unit area of a referenceradiograph and the extent of discontinuity on the applicable reference radiograph is reduced proportionately.4. Significance and Use4.1 Reference radiographs for tin bronze and related alloy castings are intended to be used as a guide to the recognition ofcommon discontinui
28、ties and their differentiation both as to type and severity level. Discontinuity types most common to thesealloys are illustrated. For reference, descriptions of typical casting defects and corresponding radiographic indication types arecontained in Section 5. Purchasers and suppliers may, by mutual
29、 agreement, select particular discontinuity categories (see 1.2) toserve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability (see Sections 7 and 8).4.2 Reference radiographs represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, forenergy levels, thicknesse
30、s or both outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application.Section 10 addresses purchaser supplier requisites where weld repairs may be required.4.3 Procedures for evaluation of production radiographs using applicable reference radiographs of this sta
31、ndard are prescribedin Section 9; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it maybe appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, allsuch changes shall be ca
32、lled-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM
33、website.3 Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order RRE0310.E310 1524.4 The followingASTM specifications illustrate alloys covered by these standards; however, it is intended that these referenceradiographs also apply to related government and commercial material specifications:Valve bro
34、nze castings B61AComposition bronze or ounce metal castings B62BTin bronze sand castings B584Leaded red brass sand castings B584Copper-base alloy centrifugal castings (as applicable) B271A Similar to MIL-B-16541.B Similar to MIL-B-16444.5. Descriptions of Discontinuities5.1 The following paragraphs
35、are provided to aid in the identification and classification of discontinuities (see Note 3). Theybriefly describe the radiographic appearance of common types of discontinuities and indicate their probable cause.5.1.1 Gas HolesRound or elongated, smooth-edged dark spots which may occur either indivi
36、dually, in clusters, or distributedthroughout the casting section. They are generally caused by trapped air or mold gases.NOTE 3Discontinuities caused by evolved gases may occur as more or less spherical voids, but may also occur as elongated “worm holes” or cavitiessomewhat resembling certain types
37、 of shrinkage. It is recommended that the “worm hole” cavities be evaluated by the use of the feathery or spongeshrinkage category reference radiographs.5.1.2 ShrinkageShrinkage is generally associated with improper feeding and manifests itself in the following differentindication forms:5.1.2.1 Line
38、ar ShrinkageUsually a continuous structure of connected lines, branches or network of variable length, width, anddensity.5.1.2.2 Feathery ShrinkageAppears on the radiographs as sponge but with a more feathery outline.5.1.2.3 Sponge ShrinkageAppears on the radiographs as a dark area or areas, lacy in
39、 texture, usually with a diffuse outline.5.1.3 Hot TearsThe similarly, appearing “hot tear” and “linear shrinkage” have distinctive characteristics. The followinginformation is presented as guide to interpreters to minimize confusion in distinguishing hot tears from linear shrinkage:5.1.3.1 Hot tear
40、s usually occur singly; shrinkage will generally be multiple.5.1.3.2 Hot tears propagate at or near the surface; shrinkage appears to propagate at or near the midsection.5.1.3.3 Hot tears generally occur at hot spots or section changes; linear shrinkage frequently occurs at uniform sections also.5.1
41、.3.4 Hot tears occur where temperature gradients are high; shrinkage occurs where temperature gradients are low.5.1.3.5 Hot tears occur transverse to the direction of greatest stress.5.1.3.6 Hot tears can only be counteracted by altering the stress pattern or thermal pattern; shrinkage can always be
42、 counteredby sufficient feed metal.5.1.4 Nonmetallic Inclusions:5.1.4.1 SandIrregularly, angularly shaped indications more dense than the background, caused by clumps of trapped sandparticles or pebbles.5.1.4.2 DrossA series of lines in a swirl pattern, sometimes combined with agglomerated irregular
43、 indications. Dross isgenerally considered to represent oxidized metal.6. Method of Preparation6.1 The original radiographs used to prepare the adjunct reference radiographs were produced on ASTM Class I film systemsusing methods described in 1.2, including the use of 88:8:4, Cu-Sn-Zn, “G” plate cas
44、tings. Table 1 lists the chemical compositionand mechanical property limits for the alloy type. The original radiographs were made with penetrameter sensitivity, as determinedby ASTM penetrameters (see Guide E94), of 2-2T. The adjunct reference radiographs are reproductions prepared to an opticalden
45、sity of 2.00 to 2.25 and have substantially retained the contrast of the original radiographs. In preparing these referenceradiographs, the objective was to obtain progressively graduated severity levels for each graded discontinuity category. It shouldTABLE 1 Alloy Type Used to Produce Plate Castin
46、gs for OriginalRadiographsChemical Composition, %min maxCopper 86.00 89.00Tin 7.50 9.00Zinc 3.00 5.00Nickel . 1.00Lead . 0.30Iron . 0.15Phosphorus . 0.05Mechanical PropertiesTensile strength, min, psi (MPa) 40 000 (275)Elongation in 2 in. or 51 mm, min, 20E310 153be noted that feathery shrinkage ref
47、erence radiographs (normally categorized as “Cb” in other reference radiograph documents)are categorized as “Cd” in this standard since these reference radiographs are intended to be used to evaluate aggregate severitylevels for feathery, spongy or combined feathery/spongy shrinkage indications in t
48、in bronze castings.6.2 Film DeteriorationRadiographic films are subject to wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the imagedeteriorates over time is a function of storage conditions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radiograph films are noexception and may exhibit a lo
49、ss in image quality over time. The radiographs should therefore be periodically examined for signsof wear and tear, including scratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth.Any reference radiographs which show signs of excessive wearand tear which could influence the interpretation and use of the radiographs should be replaced.7. Determination of Radiographic Classification7.1 For purposes of casting evaluations, a determination must be made of the radiographic discontinuity classifications to beassigned to individual castings or specific areas of cast
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