ASTM E344-2007 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrometry《温度测定法和液体比重测定法相关术语》.pdf

1、Designation: E 344 07Terminology Relating toThermometry and Hydrometry1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 344; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses in

2、dicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of termsused by ASTM Committee E20 on Temperature Measurement.1.2 Terms with definitions generally applicable

3、 to the fieldsof thermometry and hydrometry are listed in 3.1.1.3 Terms with definitions applicable only to the indicatedstandards in which they appear are listed in 3.2.1.4 Information about the International Temperature Scaleof 1990 is given in Appendix X1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards

4、:2E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometersE 100 Specification for ASTM HydrometersE 126 Test Method for Inspection, Calibration, and Verifi-cation of ASTM HydrometersE 207 Test Method for Thermal EMF Test of Single Ther-mo

5、element Materials by Comparison with a ReferenceThermoelement of Similar EMF-Temperature PropertiesE 220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples ByComparison TechniquesE 230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force(EMF) Tables for Standardized ThermocouplesE 452 Test Method for Calibra

6、tion of Refractory MetalThermocouples Using a Radiation ThermometerE 574 Specification for Duplex, Base Metal ThermocoupleWire With Glass Fiber or Silica Fiber InsulationE 585/E 585M Specification for Compacted Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed, Base Metal ThermocoupleCableE 601 Test Method for Meas

7、uring Electromotive Force(emf) Stability of Base-Metal Thermoelement Materialswith Time in AirE 608/E 608M Specification for Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed Base Metal ThermocouplesE 644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Ther-mometersE 667 Specification for Mercury-in-Glass, Maximum S

8、elf-Registering Clinical ThermometersE 696 Specification for Tungsten-Rhenium Alloy Thermo-couple WireE 710 Test Method for Comparing EMF Stabilities of Base-Metal Thermoelements in Air Using Dual, Simultaneous,Thermal-EMF Indicators3E 780 Test Method for Measuring the Insulation Resistanceof Minera

9、l-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed Thermocouples andThermocouple Cable at Room TemperatureE 825 Specification for Phase Change-Type Disposable Fe-ver Thermometer for Intermittent Determination of HumanTemperatureE 839 Test Methods for Sheathed Thermocouples andSheathed Thermocouple MaterialE 879 Specificat

10、ion for Thermistor Sensors for ClinicalLaboratory Temperature MeasurementsE 1061 Specification for Direct-Reading Liquid CrystalForehead ThermometersE 1104 Specification for Clinical Thermometer Probe Cov-ers and SheathsE 1112 Specification for Electronic Thermometer for Inter-mittent Determination

11、of Patient TemperatureE 1129/E 1129M Specification for Thermocouple Connec-torsE 1137/E 1137M Specification for Industrial Platinum Re-sistance ThermometersE 1159 Specification for Thermocouple Materials,Platinum-Rhodium Alloys, and PlatinumE 1256 Test Methods for Radiation Thermometers (SingleWaveb

12、and Type)E 1299 Specification for Reusable Phase-Change-Type Fe-ver Thermometer for Intermittent Determination of HumanTemperatureE 1350 Guide for Testing Sheathed Thermocouples, Ther-mocouplesAssemblies, and Connecting Wires Prior to, andAfter Installation or Service1This terminology is under the j

13、urisdiction of ASTM Committee E20 onTemperature Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.91on Editorial and Terminology.Current edition approved June 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originallyapproved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E 344 06.2For referenced A

14、STM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,

15、West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E 1502 Guide for Use of Freezing-Point Cells for ReferenceTemperaturesE 1594 Guide for Expression of TemperatureE 1684 Specification for Miniature Thermocouple Connec-torsE 1750 Guide for Use of Water Triple Point CellsE 1751 Guide for Temperature Elec

16、tromotive Force (EMF)Tables for Non-Letter Designated Thermocouple Combi-nationsE 1965 Specification for Infrared Thermometers for Inter-mittent Determination of Patient Temperature2.2 Other Standards, Supplementary Vocabularies, andSources:4International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms inMetr

17、ology (VIM) 1993Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement(GUM) 19953. Terminology3.1 Definitions:accuracy, nof a temperature measurement, closeness ofagreement between the result of a temperature measurementand a true value of the temperature.DISCUSSIONAccuracy is a qualitative concept.b

18、ase metal thermocouple, nthermocouple whose thermo-elements are composed primarily of base metals and theiralloys. (See also noble metal thermocouple; refractorymetal thermocouple.)DISCUSSIONBase metals used in thermoelements include nickel,iron, chromium, copper, aluminum. Letter-designated types E

19、, J, K, T,and N are considered base metal thermocouples.bias, nthe scatter between the mean values of subsets ofdata, from each other or from the accepted value.blackbody, nthe perfect or ideal source of thermal radiantpower having a spectral distribution described by the Planckequation.DISCUSSIONTh

20、e term blackbody is often used to describe a furnaceor other source of radiant power which approximates the ideal.bulb, nof a liquid-in-glass thermometer, reservoir for thethermometric liquid.calibration, n of a thermometer or thermometric system, theset of operations that establish, under specified

21、 conditions,the relationship between the values of a thermometricquantity indicated by a thermometer or thermometric systemand the corresponding values of temperature realized bystandards.DISCUSSION(1) The result of a calibration permits either theassignment of values of temperature to indicated val

22、ues of thermomet-ric quantity or determination of corrections with respect to indications.(2)Acalibration may also determine other metrological properties suchas the effect of influence quantities. (3) The result of a calibration maybe communicated in a document such as a calibration certificate or

23、acalibration report. (4) The term calibration has also been used to referto the result of the operations, to representations of the result, and to theactual relationship between values of the thermometric quantity andtemperature.calibration point, na specific value, established by a refer-ence, at w

24、hich the indication or output of a measuring deviceis determined.Celsius, adjpertaining to or denoting something related tothe expression of temperature in degrees Celsius.DISCUSSIONFor example, “A Celsius thermometer has a scalemarked in degrees Celsius.”center wavelength, na wavelength, usually ne

25、ar the middleof the band of radiant power over which a radiationthermometer responds, that is used to characterize its per-formance.DISCUSSIONThe value of the center wavelength is usually specifiedby the manufacturer of the instrument.clinical thermometer, nthermometer of any type designedto measure

26、 human body temperature.DISCUSSIONSome clinical thermometers may be designed to mea-sure the body temperature of animals.coaxial thermocouplea thermocouple consisting of a ther-moelement in wire form within a thermoelement in tubeform with the wire being electrically insulated from the tubeexcept at

27、 the measuring pensating extension wires, nthose extension wiresfabricated from materials basically different in compositionfrom the thermocouple.DISCUSSIONThey have similar thermoelectric properties and withina stated temperature range effectively transfer the reference junction tothe other end of

28、the plete immersion thermometer, na liquid-in-glass ther-mometer designed to indicate temperatures correctly whenthe entire thermometer is exposed to the temperature beingmeasured. (Compare total immersion thermometer andpartial immersion thermometer.)connection head, na housing enclosing a terminal

29、 block foran electrical temperature-sensing device and usually pro-vided with threaded openings for attachment to a protectingtube and for attachment of conduit.defining fixed point, nthermometric fixed point of anidealized system, to which a numerical value has beenassigned, used in defining a temp

30、erature scale.degree Celsius, C, nderived unit of temperature in theInternational System of Units (SI). (See kelvin.)DISCUSSIONAt any temperature, an interval of one degree Celsius isthe same as an interval of one kelvin, by definition. For informationabout the relation between units and values of t

31、emperature expressed indifferent units, see Guide E 1594.degree centigrade, nobsolete term. Use degree Celsius.degree Fahrenheit, F, nnon-SI unit of temperature com-monly used in the United States of America.DISCUSSIONAt any temperature, an interval of one degree Fahren-heit is the same as an interv

32、al of 5/9 kelvin (or 5/9 degree Celsius). For4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.E344072information about the relation between units and values of temperatureexpressed in different un

33、its, see Guide E 1594.electromotive force (emf), nthe electrical potential differ-ence which produces or tends to produce an electric current.error, nof a temperature measurement, result of a tempera-ture measurement minus a true value of temperature.extension wires, nthose having temperature-emf ch

34、aracter-istics that when connected to a thermocouple effectivelytransfer the reference junction to the other end of the wires.(Compare compensating wires).Fahrenheit, adjpertaining to or denoting something relatedto the expression of temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.DISCUSSIONFor example, “A Fahren

35、heit thermometer has a scalemarked in degrees Fahrenheit.”fixed point, n in thermometry, reproducible temperature ofequilibrium of a system of two or more phases underspecified conditions.freezing point, nfixed point of a single component system inwhich liquid and solid phases are in equilibrium at

36、aspecified pressure, usually 101 325 Pa, and the system islosing heat slowly. (Compare melting point.)ice point, nthermometric fixed point of ice and watersaturated with air at a pressure of 101 325 Pa.International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS-48),nthe temperature scale adopted by the 11th Gen

37、eralConference on Weights and Measures in 1960 and replacedin 1968 by the International Practical Temperature Scale of1968.International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68), nthe temperature scale adopted by the 13th GeneralConference on Weights and Measures in 1968.DISCUSSIONThe IPTS-68 w

38、as superseded in 1990 by the Interna-tional Temperature Scale of 1990.International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), nthetemperature scale prepared in accordance with instructionsof the 18th General Conference on Weights and Measures,and adopted on January 1, 1990.kelvin, K, nbase unit of tempera

39、ture in the InternationalSystem of Units (SI).liquid-in-glass thermometer, na temperature-measuring in-strument whose indications are based on the temperaturecoefficient of expansion of a liquid relative to that of itscontaining glass bulb.lower range value, nthe lowest quantity that an instrumentis

40、 adjusted to measure.maximum permissible errors, nof a thermometer or ther-mometric system, extreme values permitted by regulation orspecification of the difference between the indication of athermometer or thermometeric system and the true value oftemperature.DISCUSSIONThe term tolerance is sometim

41、es used in ASTM stan-dards to represent this concept.maximum self-registering clinical thermometer, nclinicalthermometer designed to retain the indication of its maxi-mum measured temperature until reset.measuring junction, nthat junction of a thermocouplewhich is subjected to the temperature to be

42、measured.melting point, nfixed point of a single component system inwhich liquid and solid phases are in equilibrium at aspecified pressure, usually 101 325 Pa, and the system isgaining heat slowly. (Compare freezing point.)noble metal thermocouple, nthermocouple whose thermo-elements are composed p

43、rimarily of noble metals and theiralloys. (See also base metal thermocouple; refractorymetal thermocouple.)DISCUSSIONNoble metals used in thermoelements include platinum,rhodium, gold, palladium, iridium. Letter designated types B, R, and Sare considered noble metal thermocouples.partial immersion t

44、hermometer, na liquid-in-glass ther-mometer designed to indicate temperatures correctly whenthe bulb and a specified part of the stem are exposed to thetemperatures being measured. (Compare complete immer-sion thermometer and total immersion thermometer.)Peltier coefficient, nthe reversible heat whi

45、ch is absorbed orevolved at a thermocouple junction when unit current passesin unit time.platinum 27 (Pt-27), nthe platinum standard to which theNational Bureau of Standards referred thermoelectric mea-surements prior to 1973.platinum 67 (Pt-67), nthe platinum standard used by theNational Bureau of

46、Standards after 1972 as the reference towhich thermoelectric measurements are referred.precision, nthe scatter between individual values of test datawithin the subset, normally computed with respect to themean of the subset. (See bias.)probe cover and sheath, na device provided for the purposeof pre

47、venting biological contact between the patient and theprobe or thermometer.protecting tube, na tube designed to enclose a temperature-sensing device and protect it from the deleterious effects ofthe environment.DISCUSSIONIt may provide for attachment to a connection head butis not primarily designed

48、 for pressure-tight attachment to a vessel. (Seealso thermowell.)radiation thermometer, na radiometer calibrated to indicatethe temperature of a blackbody.radiometer, na device for measuring radiant power that hasan output proportional to the intensity of the input power.range, nof a thermometer of

49、thermometric system, a set oftemperatures within specified lower and upper tempuraturelimits.DISCUSSIONThe “operating range,” “measuring range,” workingrange,” or “scale range” is the set of exposure temperatures for thesensing portion of a thermometer or thermometric system that permitstemperature measurements to be made with specified uncertainty. Withcertain liquid-in-glass thermometers, an auxiliary scale or referencescale is provided. The “range” of such liquid-in-glass thermometersincludes onl