ASTM E84-2007a Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials《建筑材料表面燃烧特性的标准试验方法》.pdf

1、Designation: E 84 07aAn American National StandardStandard Test Method forSurface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 84; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revisio

2、n, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response s

3、tandard for the comparativesurface burning behavior of building materials is applicable toexposed surfaces such as walls and ceilings. The test isconducted with the specimen in the ceiling position with thesurface to be evaluated exposed face down to the ignitionsource. The material, product, or ass

4、embly shall be capable ofbeing mounted in the test position during the test. Thus, thespecimen shall either be self-supporting by its own structuralquality, held in place by added supports along the test surface,or secured from the back side.1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine therel

5、ative burning behavior of the material by observing theflame spread along the specimen. Flame spread and smokedeveloped index are reported. However, there is not necessarilya relationship between these two measurements.1.3 The use of supporting materials on the underside of thetest specimen has the

6、ability to lower the flame spread indexfrom those which might be obtained if the specimen could betested without such support. These test results do not neces-sarily relate to indices obtained by testing materials withoutsuch support.1.4 Testing of materials that melt, drip, or delaminate tosuch a d

7、egree that the continuity of the flame front is destroyed,results in low flame spread indices that do not relate directly toindices obtained by testing materials that remain in place.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.1.6 The text of this standard references

8、notes and footnotesthat provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-notes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not beconsidered as requirements of the standard.1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame unde

9、r controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is

10、theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 390 Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) SteelPoultry Fence Fabric (Hexagona

11、l and Straight Line)C 1186 Specification for Flat Non-Asbestos Fiber-CementSheetsC 1396/C 1396M Specification for Gypsum BoardD 4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsD 4444 Test Methods for Use and Calibration of Hand-HeldMoisture MetersE69 Test Me

12、thod for Combustible Properties of TreatedWood by the Fire-Tube ApparatusE 136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE 160 Test Method for Combustible Properties of TreatedWood by the Crib Test3E 162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of MaterialsUsing a Radiant He

13、at Energy SourceE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 286 Method of Test for Surface Flammability of BuildingMaterials Using an 8-ft (2.44-m) Tunnel Furnace3E 2231 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofPipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess SurfaceBurning CharacteristicsE 2404 Practi

14、ce for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofTextile, Paper or Vinyl Wall or Ceiling Coverings toAssessSurface Burning Characteristics1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on SurfaceBurning.Current edi

15、tion approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published November 2007. Originallyapproved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E 84 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informa

16、tion, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E 2573 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofSite-Fabricated Stretch Systems toAssess Surface

17、 BurningCharacteristics3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod refer to Terminology E 176. The term flame spreadindex from Terminology E 176 is of particular interest to thisstandard and is defined in 3.1.1.3.1.1 flame spread index, na number or classificationin

18、dicating a comparative measure derived from observationsmade during the progress of the boundary of a zone of flameunder defined test conditions.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 smoke developed index, na number or classificationindicating a comparative measure derived from sm

19、oke obscu-ration data collected during the test for surface burningcharacteristics.3.2.2 surface flame spread, nthe propagation of a flameaway from the source of ignition across the surface of thespecimen.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended to provide only compara-tive measuremen

20、ts of surface flame spread and smoke densitymeasurements with that of select grade red oak and fiber-cement board surfaces under the specific fire exposure condi-tions described herein.4.2 This test method exposes a nominal 24-ft (7.32-m) longby 20-in. (508-mm) wide specimen to a controlled air flow

21、 andflaming fire exposure adjusted to spread the flame along theentire length of the select grade red oak specimen in 512 min.4.3 This test method does not provide for the following:4.3.1 Measurement of heat transmission through the testedsurface.4.3.2 The effect of aggravated flame spread behavior

22、of anassembly resulting from the proximity of combustible wallsand ceilings.4.3.3 Classifying or defining a material as noncombustible,by means of a flame spread index by itself.5. Apparatus5.1 Fire Test ChamberSee Figs. 1-5.5.1.1 The fire test chamber is a rectangular horizontal ductwith a removabl

23、e lid. The inside dimensions are as follows:Width: 1734 614 in. (451 6 6.3 mm) measured between the topledges along the side walls, and 1758 638 in. (448 6 10mm) at all other points.Depth: 12 612 in. (305 6 13 mm) measured from the bottom ofthe test chamber to the top of the ledges on which thespeci

24、men is supported. This measurement includes the18in. (3.2 mm) thickness of the 112 in. (38 mm) wide wovenfiberglass gasket tape.Length: 25 ft 6 3 in. (7.62 m 6 76 mm).5.1.2 The sides and base of the chamber shall be lined withan insulating firebrick with the dimensions of 412 in. by 9 in.by 212 in.

25、thick as illustrated in Fig. 2. The insulating firebrickshall have the following properties:Maximum Recommended Temperature 2600F (1427C)Bulk Density 48 6 3 lb/ft3(0.77 6 0.046 g/cm3)Thermal Conductivity at MeanTemperature ofBtuin./hft2F W/mC500F (260C) 1.6 0.231000F (538C) 1.9 0.271500F (815C) 2.2

26、0.322000F (1093C) 2.6 0.37FIG. 1 Test Furnace, Showing Some Critical Dimensions (Not a Construction Drawing)E8407a25.1.3 One side of the chamber shall be provided with doubleobservation windows4with the inside pane flush mounted (seeFig. 2). Exposed inside glass shall be 234 638 by11+1,2in. (70 6 10

27、 by 279 + 25 50 mm). The centerline of theexposed area of the inside glass shall be in the upper half of thefurnace wall, with the upper edge not less than 2.5 in. (63 mm)below the furnace ledge. The window shall be located such thatnot less than 12 in. (305 mm) of the specimen width can beobserved.

28、 Multiple windows shall be located along the tunnelso that the entire length of the test sample is observable fromoutside the fire chamber. The windows shall be pressure tightin accordance with 7.2 and 7.2.1.5.1.4 The ledges shall be fabricated of structural materials5capable of withstanding the abu

29、se of continuous testing. Theledges shall be level with respect to the length and width of thechamber and each other. The ledges shall be maintained in astate of repair commensurate with the frequency, volume, andseverity of testing occurring at any time.5.1.5 Lid:5.1.5.1 The lid shall consist of a

30、removable noncombustiblemetal and mineral composite structure as shown in Fig. 2 andof a size necessary to cover completely the fire test chamberand the test samples. The lid shall be maintained in anunwarped and flat condition. When in place, the lid shall becompletely sealed to prevent air leakage

31、 into the fire testchamber during the test.5.1.5.2 The lid shall be insulated with a minimal thicknessof 2 in. (51 mm) castable insulation or mineral compositematerial having physical characteristics comparable to thefollowing:Maximum effective use temperature ofat least: 1200F (650C)Bulk density 21

32、 lb/ft3(336 kg/m3)Thermal conductivity at 300 to 700F(149 to 371C)0.50 to 0.71 Btuin./hft2F (0.072 to0.102 W/mK)5.1.5.3 The entire lid assembly shall be protected with flatsections of nominal14-in. (6.3-mm) fiber-cement board meet-ing the properties of Annex A3. This protective board shall be4Heat-r

33、esistant glass, high-silica, 100 % silica glass, nominal14-in. thick hasbeen found suitable for the interior pane. Borosilicate glass, nominal14-in. thick hasbeen found suitable for the exterior pane.5High-temperature furnace refractory. Zirconium silicate, or water-cooled steeltubing have been foun

34、d suitable for this purpose.FIG. 2 Test Furnace Showing Critical Dimensions (Not a Construction Drawing)E8407a3maintained in sound condition through continued replacement.The protective board is to be secured to the furnace lid or placeon the back side of the test specimen.5.1.6 Gas Burners:5.1.6.1

35、One end of the test chamber shall be designated asthe “fire end”. This fire end shall be provided with two gasburners delivering flames upward against the surface of the testsample (see Fig. 2). The burners shall be spaced 12 in. (305mm) from the fire end of the test chamber, and 712 612 in.(190 6 1

36、3 mm) below the under surface of the test sample. Gasto the burners shall be provided through a single inlet pipe,distributed to each port burner through a tee-section. The outletshall be a34 in. NPT elbow. The plane of the port shall beparallel to the furnace floor, such that the gas is directedupw

37、ard toward the specimen. Each port shall be positionedwith its centerline 4 612 in. (102 6 13 mm) on each side ofthe centerline of the furnace so that the flame is distributedevenly over the width of the exposed specimen surface (seeFig. 2).5.1.6.2 The controls used to assure constant flow of gas to

38、the burners during period of use shall consist of a pressureregulator, a gas meter calibrated to read in increments of notmore than 0.1 ft3(2.8 L), a manometer to indicate gas pressurein inches of water, a quick-acting gas shut-off valve, and a gasmetering valve.5.1.7 Air Intake:5.1.7.1 An air intak

39、e shutter shall be located 54 6 5 in.(1372 6 127 mm) upstream of the burner, as measured fromthe burner centerline to the outside surface of the shutter (seeFig. 1). The air intake is to be fitted with a vertically slidingshutter extending the entire width of the test chamber. Theshutter shall be po

40、sitioned so as to provide an air inlet port 3 6116 in. (76 6 2 mm) high measured from the floor level of thetest chamber at the air intake point.5.1.7.2 To provide air turbulance for proper combustion,turbulance baffling shall be provided by positioning six refrac-tory firebricks (as defined in 5.1.

41、2) along the side walls of thechamber. With the long dimension vertical, 412 in. (114-mm)dimension along the wall, place the bricks as follows from thecenterline of the burner ports:FIG. 3 Typical Exhaust End Transition (Not a Construction Drawing)E8407a4On the window side at 7, 12, and 20 612 ft (2

42、.1, 3.7, and 6.1 6 0.2 m)On the opposite side at 412 ,912 , and 16 612 ft (1.3, 2.9, and 4.9 6 0.2 m)5.1.7.3 The movement of air shall be by an induced draftsystem having a total draft capacity of at least 0.15 in. (3.8mm) water column with the sample in place, the shutter at thefire end open the no

43、rmal 3 6116 in. (76 6 2 mm), and thedamper in the wide open position. A draft gage tap to indicatestatic pressure shall be inserted through the top at the midwidthof the tunnel, 1 6 0.5 in. (25 6 12 mm) below the ceiling, 156 0.5 in. (381 6 12 mm) downstream from the inlet shutter(see Fig. 1).5.1.8

44、Exhaust End:5.1.8.1 The other end of the test chamber is designated asthe exhaust end. The exhaust end shall be fitted with a gradualrectangular-to-round transition piece, not less than 20 in. (508mm) in length, with a cross-sectional area of not less than 200in.2(1290 cm2) at any point (see Fig. 3)

45、.5.1.8.2 The transition piece shall in turn be fitted to a 16 in.(406 mm) diameter duct pipe. A typical duct system shown inFig. 4 contains two 90 elbows (see Fig. 5) with the exhaustduct running beside the fire test chamber. In order to complywith this typical design, the vertical centerline of the

46、 exhaustduct system is identical to that of the fire test chamber.5.1.8.3 The exhaust duct is to be insulated with at least 2 in.(51 mm) of high temperature mineral composition materialfrom the exhaust end of the fire chamber to the photometerlocation.5.1.8.4 An exhaust fan shall be installed at the

47、 end of theexhaust duct. The air flow shall be controlled as specified in5.1.11.5.1.8.5 An alternative exhaust duct layout design shalldemonstrate equivalency by meeting the requirements speci-fied in Section 7.5.1.9 Photometer System:5.1.9.1 A photometer system consisting of a lamp6andphotocell7sha

48、ll be mounted on a horizontal section of the16-in. (406-mm) diameter vent pipe at a point where it will bepreceded by a straight run of pipe (at least 12 diameters or 16ft (4.88 m) and not more than 30 diameters or 40 ft (12.19 m)from the vent end of the chamber, and with the light beamdirected upwa

49、rd along the vertical axis of the vent pipe. Thevent pipe shall be insulated with at least 2 in. (51 mm) ofhigh-temperature mineral composition material, from the ventend of the chamber to the photometer location. The photoelec-tric cell of which the output is directly proportional to theamount of light received shall be mounted over the light sourceand connected to a recording device having a minimumoperating chart width of 5 in. (127 mm) with an accuracywithin 61 % of full scale, for indicating changes in theattenuation