ASTM E84-2009c 4375 Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials.pdf

1、Designation: E 84 09cAn American National StandardStandard Test Method forSurface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 84; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revisio

2、n, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response st

3、andard for the comparativesurface burning behavior of building materials is applicable toexposed surfaces such as walls and ceilings. The test isconducted with the specimen in the ceiling position with thesurface to be evaluated exposed face down to the ignitionsource. The material, product, or asse

4、mbly shall be capable ofbeing mounted in the test position during the test. Thus, thespecimen shall either be self-supporting by its own structuralquality, held in place by added supports along the test surface,or secured from the back side.1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine therela

5、tive burning behavior of the material by observing theflame spread along the specimen. Flame spread and smokedeveloped index are reported. However, there is not necessarilya relationship between these two measurements.1.3 The use of supporting materials on the underside of thetest specimen has the a

6、bility to lower the flame spread indexfrom those which might be obtained if the specimen could betested without such support. These test results do not neces-sarily relate to indices obtained by testing materials withoutsuch support.1.4 Testing of materials that melt, drip, or delaminate tosuch a de

7、gree that the continuity of the flame front is destroyed,results in low flame spread indices that do not relate directly toindices obtained by testing materials that remain in place.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.1.6 The text of this standard references n

8、otes and footnotesthat provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-notes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not beconsidered as requirements of the standard.1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under

9、 controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is t

10、heresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 390 Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) SteelPoultry Fence Fabric (Hexagonal

11、 and Straight Line)C 1186 Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement SheetsD 4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsD 4444 Test Method for Laboratory Standardization andCalibration of Hand-Held Moisture MetersE69 Test Method for Combustible Properties of T

12、reatedWood by the Fire-Tube ApparatusE 136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE 160 Test Method for Combustible Properties of TreatedWood by the Crib Test3E 162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of MaterialsUsing a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE 176 Terminology of

13、 Fire StandardsE 286 Method of Test for Surface Flammability of BuildingMaterials Using an 8-ft (2.44-m) Tunnel Furnace3E 2231 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofPipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess SurfaceBurning CharacteristicsE 2404 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Moun

14、ting ofTextile, Paper or Vinyl Wall or Ceiling Coverings toAssessSurface Burning CharacteristicsE 2573 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofSite-Fabricated Stretch Systems toAssess Surface BurningCharacteristicsE 2579 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofWood Products to Asse

15、ss Surface Burning Characteristics1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on SurfaceBurning.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2009. Published September 2009. Originallyapproved in 1950. Last previous ed

16、ition approved in 2009 as E 84 09b.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM

17、 International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E 2599 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofReflective Insulation Materials and Radiant Barrier Mate-rials for Building Applications to Assess Surface BurningCharacteristics2.2 NFPA Standa

18、rds:4NFPA 262 Standard Method of Test for Flame Travel andSmoke of Wires and Cables for Use in Air-HandlingSpaces (2007)2.3 UL Standards5UL 1820 Standard for Safety for Fire Test of PneumaticTubing for Flame and Smoke Characteristics (2004)UL 1887 Standard for Fire Test of Plastic Sprinkler Pipe for

19、Visible Flame and Smoke Characteristics (2004)UL 2024 Standard for Safety for Optical Fiber and Com-munication Cable Raceway (2004)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod refer to Terminology E 176. The term flame spreadindex from Terminology E 176 is of particu

20、lar interest to thisstandard and is defined in 3.1.1.3.1.1 flame spread index, na number or classificationindicating a comparative measure derived from observationsmade during the progress of the boundary of a zone of flameunder defined test conditions.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Stand

21、ard:3.2.1 smoke developed index, na number or classificationindicating a comparative measure derived from smoke obscu-ration data collected during the test for surface burningcharacteristics.3.2.2 surface flame spread, nthe propagation of a flameaway from the source of ignition across the surface of

22、 thespecimen.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended to provide only compara-tive measurements of surface flame spread and smoke densitymeasurements with that of select grade red oak and fiber-cement board surfaces under the specific fire exposure condi-tions described herein.4.2 Thi

23、s test method exposes a nominal 24-ft (7.32-m) longby 20-in. (508-mm) wide specimen to a controlled air flow andflaming fire exposure adjusted to spread the flame along theentire length of the select grade red oak specimen in 512 min.4.3 This test method does not provide for the following:4.3.1 Meas

24、urement of heat transmission through the testedsurface.4.3.2 The effect of aggravated flame spread behavior of anassembly resulting from the proximity of combustible wallsand ceilings.4.3.3 Classifying or defining a material as noncombustible,by means of a flame spread index by itself.5. Apparatus5.

25、1 Fire Test ChamberSee Figs. 1-5.5.1.1 The fire test chamber is a rectangular horizontal ductwith a removable lid. The inside dimensions are as follows:4Available from National Fire Protection Association, 1 Battery March Park,Quincy, MA 02169.5Available from Underwriters Laboratories, 333 Pfingsten

26、 Road, Northbrook, IL60062.FIG. 1 Test Furnace, Showing Some Critical Dimensions (Not a Construction Drawing)E8409c2Width: 1734 614 in. (451 6 6.3 mm) measured between the topledges along the side walls, and 1758 638 in. (448 6 10mm) at all other points.Depth: 12 612 in. (305 6 13 mm) measured from

27、the bottom ofthe test chamber to the top of the ledges on which thespecimen is supported. This measurement includes the18in. (3.2 mm) thickness of the 112 in. (38 mm) wide wovenfiberglass gasket tape.Length: 25 ft 6 3 in. (7.62 m 6 76 mm).5.1.2 The sides and base of the chamber shall be lined withan

28、 insulating firebrick with the dimensions of 412 in. by 9 in.by 212 in. thick as illustrated in Fig. 2. The insulating firebrickshall have the following properties:Maximum Recommended Temperature 2600F (1427C)Bulk Density 48 6 3 lb/ft3(0.77 6 0.046 g/cm3)Thermal Conductivity at MeanTemperature ofBtu

29、in./hft2F W/mC500F (260C) 1.6 0.231000F (538C) 1.9 0.271500F (815C) 2.2 0.322000F (1093C) 2.6 0.375.1.3 One side of the chamber shall be provided with doubleobservation windows6with the inside pane flush mounted (seeFig. 2). Exposed inside glass shall be 234 638 by11+1,2in. (70 6 10 by 279 + 25 50 m

30、m). The centerline of theexposed area of the inside glass shall be in the upper half of theFIG. 2 Test Furnace Showing Critical Dimensions (Not a Construction Drawing)E8409c3furnace wall, with the upper edge not less than 2.5 in. (63 mm)below the furnace ledge. The window shall be located such thatn

31、ot less than 12 in. (305 mm) of the specimen width can beobserved. Multiple windows shall be located along the tunnelso that the entire length of the test sample is observable fromoutside the fire chamber. The windows shall be pressure tightin accordance with 7.2 and 7.2.1.5.1.4 The ledges shall be

32、fabricated of structural materials7capable of withstanding the abuse of continuous testing. Theledges shall be level with respect to the length and width of thechamber and each other. The ledges shall be maintained in astate of repair commensurate with the frequency, volume, andseverity of testing o

33、ccurring at any time.5.1.5 Lid:5.1.5.1 The lid shall consist of a removable noncombustiblemetal and mineral composite structure as shown in Fig. 2 andof a size necessary to cover completely the fire test chamberand the test samples. The lid shall be maintained in anunwarped and flat condition. When

34、in place, the lid shall becompletely sealed to prevent air leakage into the fire testchamber during the test.5.1.5.2 The lid shall be insulated with a minimal thicknessof 2 in. (51 mm) castable insulation or mineral compositematerial having physical characteristics comparable to thefollowing:Maximum

35、 effective use temperature ofat least: 1200F (650C)Bulk density 21 lb/ft3(336 kg/m3)Thermal conductivity at 300 to 700F(149 to 371C)0.50 to 0.71 Btuin./hft2F (0.072 to0.102 W/mK)5.1.5.3 The entire lid assembly shall be protected with flatsections of nominal14-in. (6.3-mm) fiber-cement board meet-ing

36、 the properties of Annex A3. This protective board shall bemaintained in sound condition through continued replacement.6Heat-resistant glass, high-silica, 100 % silica glass, nominal14-in. thick hasbeen found suitable for the interior pane. Borosilicate glass, nominal14-in. thick hasbeen found suita

37、ble for the exterior pane.7High-temperature furnace refractory. Zirconium silicate, or water-cooled steeltubing have been found suitable for this purpose.FIG. 3 Typical Exhaust End Transition (Not a Construction Drawing)E8409c4The protective board is to be secured to the furnace lid or placeon the b

38、ack side of the test specimen.5.1.6 Gas Burners:5.1.6.1 One end of the test chamber shall be designated asthe “fire end”. This fire end shall be provided with two gasburners delivering flames upward against the surface of the testsample (see Fig. 2). The burners shall be spaced 12 in. (305mm) from t

39、he fire end of the test chamber, and 712 612 in.(190 6 13 mm) below the under surface of the test sample. Gasto the burners shall be provided through a single inlet pipe,distributed to each port burner through a tee-section. The outletshall be a34 in. NPT elbow. The plane of the port shall beparalle

40、l to the furnace floor, such that the gas is directedupward toward the specimen. Each port shall be positionedwith its centerline 4 612 in. (102 6 13 mm) on each side ofthe centerline of the furnace so that the flame is distributedevenly over the width of the exposed specimen surface (seeFig. 2).5.1

41、.6.2 The controls used to assure constant flow of gas tothe burners during period of use shall consist of a pressureregulator, a gas meter constructed to read in increments of notmore than 0.1 ft3(2.8 L), a manometer to indicate gas pressurein inches of water, a quick-acting gas shut-off valve, and

42、a gasmetering valve.5.1.7 Air Intake:5.1.7.1 An air intake shutter shall be located 54 6 5 in.(1372 6 127 mm) upstream of the burner, as measured fromthe burner centerline to the outside surface of the shutter (seeFig. 1). The air intake is to be fitted with a vertically slidingshutter extending the

43、 entire width of the test chamber. Theshutter shall be positioned so as to provide an air inlet port 3 6116 in. (76 6 2 mm) high measured from the floor level of thetest chamber at the air intake point.5.1.7.2 To provide air turbulance for proper combustion,turbulance baffling shall be provided by p

44、ositioning six refrac-tory firebricks (as defined in 5.1.2) along the side walls of thechamber. With the long dimension vertical, 412 in. (114-mm)dimension along the wall, place the bricks as follows from thecenterline of the burner ports:On the window side at 7, 12, and 20 612 ft (2.1, 3.7, and 6.1

45、 6 0.2 m)On the opposite side at 412 ,912 , and 16 612 ft (1.3, 2.9, and 4.9 6 0.2 m)5.1.7.3 The movement of air shall be by an induced draftsystem having a total draft capacity of at least 0.15 in. (3.8mm) water column with the sample in place, the shutter at thefire end open the normal 3 6116 in.

46、(76 6 2 mm), and thedamper in the wide open position. A draft gage tap to indicatestatic pressure shall be inserted through the top at the midwidthof the tunnel, 1 6 0.5 in. (25 6 12 mm) below the ceiling, 156 0.5 in. (381 6 12 mm) downstream from the inlet shutter(see Fig. 1).5.1.8 Exhaust End:5.1.

47、8.1 The other end of the test chamber is designated asthe exhaust end. The exhaust end shall be fitted with a gradualrectangular-to-round transition piece, not less than 20 in. (508mm) in length, with a cross-sectional area of not less than 200in.2(1290 cm2) at any point (see Fig. 3).5.1.8.2 The tra

48、nsition piece shall in turn be fitted to a 16 in.(406 mm) diameter duct pipe. A typical duct system shown inFig. 4 contains two 90 elbows (see Fig. 5) with the exhaustduct running beside the fire test chamber. In order to complyFIG. 4 Plan ViewTypical Duct System (Not a ConstructionDrawing)E8409c5wi

49、th this typical design, the vertical centerline of the exhaustduct system is identical to that of the fire test chamber.5.1.8.3 The exhaust duct is to be insulated with at least 2 in.(51 mm) of high temperature mineral composition materialfrom the exhaust end of the fire chamber to the photometerlocation.5.1.8.4 An exhaust fan shall be installed at the end of theexhaust duct. The air flow shall be controlled as specified in5.1.11.5.1.8.5 An alternative exhaust duct layout design shalldemonstrate equivalency by meeting t