1、Designation: E84 14 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forSurface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E84; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response
3、 standard for the comparativesurface burning behavior of building materials is applicable toexposed surfaces such as walls and ceilings. The test isconducted with the specimen in the ceiling position with thesurface to be evaluated exposed face down to the ignitionsource. The material, product, or a
4、ssembly shall be capable ofbeing mounted in the test position during the test. Thus, thespecimen shall either be self-supporting by its own structuralquality, held in place by added supports along the test surface,or secured from the back side.1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine ther
5、elative burning behavior of the material by observing theflame spread along the specimen. Flame spread and smokedeveloped index are reported. However, there is not necessarilya relationship between these two measurements.1.3 The use of supporting materials on the underside of thetest specimen has th
6、e ability to lower the flame spread indexfrom those which might be obtained if the specimen could betested without such support. These test results do not neces-sarily relate to indices obtained by testing materials withoutsuch support.1.4 Testing of materials that melt, drip, or delaminate tosuch a
7、 degree that the continuity of the flame front is destroyed,results in low flame spread indices that do not relate directly toindices obtained by testing materials that remain in place.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathem
8、aticalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotesthat provide explanatory information. These notes andfootnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not beconsidered as requirement
9、s of the standard.1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies
10、underactual fire conditions1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations p
11、rior to use.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A390 Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) SteelPoultry Fence Fabric (Hexagonal and Straight Line)C1186 Spe
12、cification for Flat Fiber-Cement SheetsC1288 Specification for Discrete Non-Asbestos Fiber-Cement Interior Substrate SheetsD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsD4444 Test Method for Laboratory Standardization andCalibration of Hand-Held Moisture
13、MetersE69 Test Method for Combustible Properties of TreatedWood by the Fire-Tube ApparatusE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE160 Test Method for Combustible Properties of TreatedWood by the Crib Test3E162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of MaterialsUsin
14、g a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE176 Terminology of Fire Standards1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on SurfaceBurning.Current edition approved April 1, 2014. Published May 2014. Originallyapproved
15、in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E84 13a. DOI:10.1520/E0084-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page
16、 onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E286 Test Method for Surface Flammability of BuildingMaterials Using an 8-ft (2.44-m) Tunnel Furnace (With-drawn 1991)3E2231 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mou
17、nting ofPipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess SurfaceBurning CharacteristicsE2404 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofTextile, Paper or Polymeric (Including Vinyl) Wall orCeiling Coverings, and of Facings and Wood VeneersIntended to be Applied on Site Over a Wood Substrate, toAss
18、ess Surface Burning CharacteristicsE2573 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofSite-Fabricated Stretch Systems to Assess Surface Burn-ing CharacteristicsE2579 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofWood Products to Assess Surface Burning CharacteristicsE2599 Practice for Specime
19、n Preparation and Mounting ofReflective Insulation, Radiant Barrier and Vinyl StretchCeiling Materials for Building Applications to AssessSurface Burning CharacteristicsE2688 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofTapes to Assess Surface Burning CharacteristicsE2690 Practice for Specimen P
20、reparation and Mounting ofCaulks and Sealants to Assess Surface Burning Charac-teristics2.2 NFPA Standards:4NFPA 262 Standard Method of Test for Flame Travel andSmoke of Wires and Cables for Use in Air-HandlingSpaces (2007)2.3 UL Standards5UL 1820 Standard for Safety for Fire Test of PneumaticTubing
21、 for Flame and Smoke Characteristics (2004)UL 1887 Standard for Fire Test of Plastic Sprinkler Pipe forVisible Flame and Smoke Characteristics (2004)UL 2024 Standard for Safety for Optical Fiber and Commu-nication Cable Raceway (2004)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used
22、in this test method referto Terminology E176. The term flame spread index fromTerminology E176 is of particular interest to this standard andis defined in 3.1.2.3.1.2 flame spread index, na number or classificationindicating a comparative measure derived from observationsmade during the progress of
23、the boundary of a zone of flameunder defined test conditions.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 smoke developed index, na number or classificationindicating a comparative measure derived from smoke obscu-ration data collected during the test for surface burningcharacteristics.3
24、.2.2 surface flame spread, nthe propagation of a flameaway from the source of ignition across the surface of thespecimen.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended to provide only compara-tive measurements of surface flame spread and smoke densitymeasurements with that of select grade r
25、ed oak and fiber-cement board surfaces under the specific fire exposure condi-tions described herein.4.2 This test method exposes a nominal 24-ft (7.32-m) longby 20-in. (508-mm) wide specimen to a controlled air flow andflaming fire exposure adjusted to spread the flame along theentire length of the
26、 select grade red oak specimen in 512 min.4.3 This test method does not provide for the following:4.3.1 Measurement of heat transmission through the testedsurface.4.3.2 The effect of aggravated flame spread behavior of anassembly resulting from the proximity of combustible wallsand ceilings.4.3.3 Cl
27、assifying or defining a material as noncombustible,by means of a flame spread index by itself.5. Apparatus5.1 Fire Test ChamberSee Figs. 1-5.5.1.1 The fire test chamber is a rectangular horizontal ductwith a removable lid. The inside dimensions are as follows:Width: 1734 14 in. (451 6.3 mm) measured
28、 between the topledges along the side walls, and 1758 38 in.(44810mm) at all other points.Depth: 12 12 in. (305 13 mm) measured from the bottom of thetest chamber to the top of the ledges on which thespecimen is supported. This measurement includes the18in. (3.2 mm) thickness of the 112 in. (38 mm)
29、wide wovenfiberglass gasket tape.Length: 25 ft 3 in. (7.62m76mm).5.1.2 The sides and base of the chamber shall be lined withan insulating firebrick with the dimensions of 412 in. by 9 in.by 212 in. thick as illustrated in Fig. 2. The insulating firebrickshall have the following properties:Maximum Re
30、commended Temperature 2600F (1427C)Bulk Density 483lb/ft3(0.77 0.046 g/cm3)Thermal Conductivity at MeanTemperature ofBtuin./hft2F W/mC500F (260C) 1.6 0.231000F (538C) 1.9 0.271500F (815C) 2.2 0.322000F (1093C) 2.6 0.375.1.3 One side of the chamber shall be provided with doubleobservation windows6wit
31、h the inside pane flush mounted (seeFig. 2). Exposed inside glass shall be 234 638 by11+1,2in. (70 6 10 by 279 + 25 50 mm). The centerline of theexposed area of the inside glass shall be in the upper half of thefurnace wall, with the upper edge not less than 2.5 in. (63 mm)below the furnace ledge. T
32、he window shall be located such thatnot less than 12 in. (305 mm) of the specimen width can beobserved. Multiple windows shall be located along the tunnel3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batter
33、y March Park,Quincy, MA 02169.5Available from Underwriters Laboratories, 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL60062.6Heat-resistant glass, high-silica, 100 % silica glass, nominal14-in. thick hasbeen found suitable for the interior pane. Borosilicate glass, nominal14-in. thick hasbeen found suitable fo
34、r the exterior pane.E84142so that the entire length of the test sample is observable fromoutside the fire chamber. The windows shall be pressure tightin accordance with 7.2 and 7.2.1.5.1.4 The ledges shall be fabricated of structural materials7capable of withstanding the abuse of continuous testing.
35、 Theledges shall be level with respect to the length and width of thechamber and each other. The ledges shall be maintained in astate of repair commensurate with the frequency, volume, andseverity of testing occurring at any time.5.1.5 Lid:5.1.5.1 The lid shall consist of a removable noncombustiblem
36、etal and mineral composite structure as shown in Fig. 2 andof a size necessary to cover completely the fire test chamberand the test samples. The lid shall be maintained in anunwarped and flat condition. When in place, the lid shall becompletely sealed to prevent air leakage into the fire testchambe
37、r during the test.5.1.5.2 The lid shall be insulated with a minimal thicknessof 2 in. (51 mm) castable insulation or mineral compositematerial having physical characteristics comparable to thefollowing:Maximum effective use temperature ofat least: 1200F (650C)Bulk density 21 lb/ft3(336 kg/m3)Thermal
38、 conductivity at 300 to 700F(149 to 371C)0.50 to 0.71 Btuin./hft2F (0.072 to0.102 W/mK)5.1.5.3 The entire lid assembly shall be protected with flatsections of nominal14-in. (6.3-mm) fiber-cement board meet-ing the properties of Annex A3. This protective board shall bemaintained in sound condition th
39、rough continued replacement.The protective board is to be secured to the furnace lid or placeon the back side of the test specimen.5.1.6 Gas Burners:5.1.6.1 One end of the test chamber shall be designated asthe “fire end”. This fire end shall be provided with two gasburners delivering flames upward
40、against the surface of the testsample (see Fig. 2). The burners shall be spaced 12 in. (305mm) from the fire end of the test chamber, and 712 612 in.(190 6 13 mm) below the under surface of the test sample. Gasto the burners shall be provided through a single inlet pipe,distributed to each port burn
41、er through a tee-section. The outletshall be a34 in. NPT elbow. The plane of the port shall beparallel to the furnace floor, such that the gas is directedupward toward the specimen. Each port shall be positionedwith its centerline 4 612 in. (102 6 13 mm) on each side ofthe centerline of the furnace
42、so that the flame is distributedevenly over the width of the exposed specimen surface (seeFig. 2).5.1.6.2 The controls used to assure constant flow of gas tothe burners during period of use shall consist of a pressureregulator, a gas meter constructed to read in increments of notmore than 0.1 ft3(2.
43、8 L), a manometer to indicate gas pressurein inches of water, a quick-acting gas shut-off valve, and a gasmetering valve.5.1.7 Air Intake:5.1.7.1 An air intake shutter shall be located 54 6 5 in.(1372 6 127 mm) upstream of the burner, as measured fromthe burner centerline to the outside surface of t
44、he shutter (seeFig. 1). The air intake is to be fitted with a vertically slidingshutter extending the entire width of the test chamber. Theshutter shall be positioned so as to provide an air inlet port 3 67High-temperature furnace refractory. Zirconium silicate, or water-cooled steeltubing have been
45、 found suitable for this purpose.FIG. 1 Test Furnace, Showing Some Critical Dimensions (Not a Construction Drawing)E84143116 in. (76 6 2 mm) high measured from the floor level of thetest chamber at the air intake point.5.1.7.2 To provide air turbulance for proper combustion,turbulance baffling shall
46、 be provided by positioning six refrac-tory firebricks (as defined in 5.1.2) along the side walls of thechamber. With the long dimension vertical, 412 in. (114-mm)dimension along the wall, place the bricks as follows from thecenterline of the burner ports:On the window side at 7, 12, and 20 12 ft (2
47、.1, 3.7, and 6.1 0.2 m)On the opposite side at 412,912, and 16 12 ft (1.3, 2.9, and 4.9 0.2 m)5.1.7.3 The movement of air shall be by an induced draftsystem having a total draft capacity of at least 0.15 in. (3.8mm) water column with the sample in place, the shutter at thefire end open the normal 3
48、6116 in. (76 6 2 mm), and thedamper in the wide open position. A draft gage tap to indicatestatic pressure shall be inserted through the top at the midwidthof the tunnel, 1 6 0.5 in. (25 6 12 mm) below the ceiling, 156 0.5 in. (381 6 12 mm) downstream from the inlet shutter(see Fig. 1).5.1.8 Exhaust
49、 End:5.1.8.1 The other end of the test chamber is designated asthe exhaust end. The exhaust end shall be fitted with a gradualrectangular-to-round transition piece, not less than 20 in. (508mm) in length, with a cross-sectional area of not less than 200in.2(1290 cm2) at any point (see Fig. 3).5.1.8.2 The transition piece shall in turn be fitted to a 16 in.(406 mm) diameter duct pipe. A typical duct system shown inFig. 4 contains two 90 elbows (see Fig. 5) with the exhaustduct running beside the fire test
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