ASTM E1025-2005 Standard Practice for Design Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology《辐射摄影术用孔型图像质量指示仪(IQI)的设计.pdf

1、Designation: E 1025 05Standard Practice forDesign, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classificationof Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used forRadiology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1025; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal

2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice2covers the design, material groupingclassification,

3、and manufacture of hole-type image qualityindicators (IQI) used to indicate the quality of radiologicimages.1.2 This practice is applicable to X-ray and gamma-rayradiology.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the

4、safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3B 139 Specification for Phos

5、phor Bronze Rod, Bar, andShapesB 150 Specification for Aluminum Bronze Rod, Bar, andShapesB 161 Specification for Nickel Seamless Pipe and TubeB 164 Specification for Nickel-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar, andWireB 166 Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys(UNS N06600, N06601, and N06690) and Nickel-C

6、hromium-Cobalt-Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N06617)Rod, Bar, and WireE 746 Test Method for Determining Relative Image QualityResponse of Industrial Radiographic FilmE 747 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators(IQI) Used for RadiologyE 1735 Tes

7、t Method for Determining Relative Image Qual-ity of Industrial Radiographic Film Exposed to X-radiationfrom4to25MVE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Testing3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions of terms relating to gammaand X-radiology inTerminology E 1316, Section D, shall applyto the ter

8、ms used in this practice.4. Hole-Type IQI Requirements4.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) used to determineradiologic-image quality levels shall conform to the followingrequirements.4.1.1 Standard Hole-Type IQIs:4.1.1.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be fabricatedfrom materials or alloys iden

9、tified or listed in accordance with7.3. Other materials may be used in accordance with 7.4.4.1.1.2 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall dimensionallyconform to the requirements of Fig. 1.4.1.1.3 Both the rectangular and the circular IQI shall beidentified with number(s) made of lead or a material o

10、f similarradiation opacity. The number shall be bonded to the rectan-gular IQIs and shall be placed adjacent to circular IQIs toprovide identification of the IQI on the image. The identifica-tion numbers shall indicate the thickness of the IQI in1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commi

11、ttee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiographic Practice and Penetrameters.Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published June 2005. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E 1025 - 98.2For ASME Boiler and Pre

12、ssure Vessel Code applications see related PracticeSE-1025 in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary

13、 page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.thousandths of an inch, that is, a number 10 IQI is 0.010 in.thick, a number 100 IQI is 0.100 in. thick, etc. Additionalidentification requirements are provided

14、 in 7.2.4.1.1.4 Alloy-group identification shall be in accordancewith Fig. 2. Rectangular IQIs shall be notched. Image qualityindicators (IQIs) shall be vibrotooled or etched as specified.NOTE 1All dimensions in inches (Note 6).NOTE 2Tolerances for IQI thickness and hole diameter.NOTE 3XX identifica

15、tion number equals T in .001 inches.NOTE 4IQIs No. 1 through 9 are not 1T,2T, and 4T.NOTE 5Holes shall be true and normal to the IQI. Do not chamfer.NOTE 6To convert inch dimensions to metric, multiply by 25.4.IdentificationNumber T(Note 3)A B C D E FTolerances(Note 2)14 1.500 0.750 0.438 0.250 0.50

16、0 0.250 610%60.015 60.015 60.015 60.015 60.015 60.030520 1.500 0.750 0.438 0.250 0.500 0.250 60.000560.015 60.015 60.015 60.015 60.015 60.0302150 . . . . . . 60.0025Over 50160 2.250 1.375 0.750 0.375 1.000 0.375 60.00560.030 60.030 60.030 60.030 60.030 60.030Over 160 1.330T 0.830T . . . . 60.01060.0

17、05 60.005FIG. 1 IQI DesignE10250524.1.2 Modified Hole-Type IQI:4.1.2.1 The rectangular IQI may be modified in length andwidth as necessary for special applications, provided the holesize(s) and IQI thickness conform to Fig. 1.4.1.2.2 The IQIs shall be identified as specified in 4.1.1.3,except that t

18、he identification numbers may be placed adjacentto the IQI if placement on the IQI is impractical.4.1.2.3 When modified IQIs are used, details of the modi-fication shall be documented in the records accompanying theexamination results.5. IQI Procurement5.1 When selecting IQIs for procurement, the fo

19、llowingfactors should be considered:5.1.1 Determine the alloy group(s) of the material to beexamined.5.1.2 Determine the thickness or thickness range of thematerial(s) to be examined.5.1.3 Select the applicable IQIs that represent the requiredIQI thickness and alloy(s).NOTE 1This practice does not r

20、ecommend or suggest specific IQI setsto be procured. Section 5 is an aid in selecting IQIs based on specificneeds.6. Image Quality Levels6.1 Image quality levels are designated by a two partexpression X-YT. The first part of the expression X refers to theIQI thickness expressed as a percentage of th

21、e specimenthickness. The second part of the expression YT refers to thediameter of the hole and is expressed as a multiple of the IQIthickness, T. The image quality level 2-2T means that the IQIthickness T is 2 % of the specimen thickness and that thediameter of the IQI imaged hole is 2 3 the IQI th

22、ickness.NOTE 2Image Quality Indicators (IQIs) less than number 10 havehole sizes 0.010, 0.020, and 0.040 in. diameter regardless of the IQIthickness. Therefore, IQIs less than number 10 do not represent thequality levels specified in 6.1 and Table 1. The equivalent sensitivity canbe computed from da

23、ta furnished in Appendix X1.6.2 Typical image quality level designations are shown inTable 1. The level of inspection specified should be based onservice requirements of the product. Care should be taken inspecifying image quality levels 2-1T, 1-1T, and 1-2T by firstdetermining that these levels can

24、 be maintained in production.6.3 In specifying image quality levels, the contract, pur-chase order, product specification, or drawing should state theproper two-part expression and clearly indicate the thickness ofthe metal to which the level refers. In place of a designatedtwopart expression, the I

25、QI number and minimum discerniblehole size shall be specified.6.4 Appendix X1 of this practice provides methods fordetermining equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS) in per-cent. Under certain conditions (as described within thepurchaser-supplier agreement), EPS may be useful in relating adiscern

26、ible hole size of the IQI thickness with the sectionthickness radiographed for establishing an overall technicalimage quality equivalency. This is not an alternative IQIprovision for the originally specified IQI requirement of thisGroup 03 IQIfor MagnesiumGroup 02 IQIfor AluminumGroup 01 IQIfor Tita

27、niumGroup 1 IQIfor Carbon Alloy andStainless SteelGroup 2 IQIfor Aluminum BronzeGroup 3 IQIfor Nickel-Chromium-IronGroup 4 IQIfor Nickel-Copper (70-30)Group 5 IQIfor Tin BronzeDetail of Notch116 in. (1.588mm)NOTCH TOLERANCESWidth +150Depth +116 in. (1.588mm)132 in. (.794mm)FIG. 2 Rectangular IQI Not

28、ch Identification and Material GroupingTABLE 1 Typical Image Quality LevelsStandard Image Quality LevelsImage QualityLevelsIQI ThicknessMinimumPreceptibleHoleDiameterEquivalent IQISensitivity, %A2-1T150 (2 %) of Specimen Thickness 1T 1.42-2TB2T 2.02-4T 4T 2.8Special Image Quality Levels1-1T1100 (1 %

29、) of Specimen Thickness 1T 0.71-2T 2T 14-2T125 (4 %) of Specimen Thickness 2T 4AEquivalent IQI sensitivity is that thickness of the IQI, expressed as a percent-age of the part thickness, in which the 2T hole would be visible under the sameconditions.BFor Level 2-2T RadiologicThe 2T holeinanIQI,150 (

30、2 %) of the specimenthickness, is visible.E1025053practice, but may be a useful tool for establishing technicalimage equivalency on a case basis need with specific customerapprovals.6.5 Practice E 747 contains provisions for wire IQIs thatuse varying length and diameter wires to affect image quality

31、requirements. The requirements of Practice E 747 are differentfrom this standard; however, Practice E 747 (see Table 4)contains provisions whereby wire sizes equivalent to corre-sponding 1T, 2T and 4T holes for various plaque thicknessesare provided. Appendix X1 of Practice E 747 also providesmethod

32、s for determining equivalencies between wire and holetype IQIs. This is not an alternative IQI provision for theoriginally specified IQI requirements of this practice, but maybe useful for establishing technical image equivalency on acase basis need with specific customer approvals.6.6 Test Methods

33、E 746 and E 1735 provide additional toolsfor determining relative image quality response of industrialradiographic film systems when exposed to energy levelsdescribed within those test methods. Both of these test methodsuse the “equivalent penetrameter sensitivity” (EPS) concept toprovide statistica

34、l image quality information that allows thefilm system or other exposure components to be assessed on arelative basis. These test methods are not alternative IQIprovisions for the originally specified IQI requirements of thispractice, but may be useful on a case basis with specificcustomer approvals

35、, for establishing technical image equiva-lency of certain aspects of the radiographic imaging process.7. Material Groups7.1 General:7.1.1 Materials have been designated in eight groups basedon their radiation absorption characteristics: Groups 03, 02,and 01 for light metals and Groups 1 through 5 f

36、or heavymetals.7.1.2 The light metal groups, magnesium (Mg), aluminum(A1), and titanium (Ti) are identified 03, 02, and 01 respec-tively for their predominant alloying constituent. The materialsare listed in order of increasing radiation absorption.7.1.3 The heavy metal groups, steel, copper base, n

37、ickelbase, and kindred alloys are identified 1 through 5. Thematerials increase in radiation absorption with increasingnumerical designation.NOTE 3These groups were established experimentally at 180 kV on34-in. (19-mm) thick specimens. They apply from 125 kV to the multivoltrange.7.1.4 Common trade

38、names or alloy designations have beenused for clarification of the pertinent materials.7.1.5 The materials from which the IQI for the group are tobe made are designated in each case, and these IQIs areapplicable for all materials listed in that group. In addition, anygroup IQI may be used for any ma

39、terial with a higher groupnumber, provided the applicable quality level is maintained.7.2 Identification System:7.2.1 A notching system has been designated for the eightgroups of IQIs and is shown in Fig. 2.7.2.2 For circular IQIs, a group designation shall be vibro-tooled or chemically etched on th

40、e IQI to identify it by usingthe letter “G” followed by the group number, that is, G4 for aGroup 4 IQI. For identification of the group on the image,corresponding lead characters shall be placed adjacent to thecircular IQI, just as is done with the lead numbers identifyingthe thickness. The identifi

41、cation is shown in Fig. 3.7.3 Materials Groups:7.3.1 Materials Group 03:7.3.1.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be made ofmagnesium or magnesium shall be the predominant alloyingconstituent.7.3.1.2 Use on all alloys of which magnesium is thepredominant alloying constituent.7.3.2 Materials Grou

42、p 02:7.3.2.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be made ofaluminum or aluminum shall be the predominant alloyingconstituent.7.3.2.2 Use on all alloys of which aluminum is the predomi-nant alloying constituent.7.3.3 Materials Group 01:7.3.3.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be made oftitaniu

43、m or titanium shall be the predominant alloying constitu-ent.7.3.3.2 Use on all alloys of which titanium is the predomi-nant alloying constituent.7.3.4 Materials Group 1:7.3.4.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be made ofcarbon steel or Type 300 series stainless steel.7.3.4.2 Use on all carbon

44、steel, all low-alloy steels, allstainless steels, manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze (Super-ston).47.3.5 Materials Group 2:7.3.5.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be made ofaluminum bronze (Alloy No. 623, of Specification B 150 orequivalent, or nickel-aluminum bronze (Alloy No. 630 ofSpecificati

45、on B 150) or equivalent.7.3.5.2 Use on all aluminum bronzes and all nickel-aluminum bronzes.7.3.6 Materials Group 3:7.3.6.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be made ofnickel-chromium-iron alloy (UNS No. NO6600) (Inconel).5(See Specification B 166.)7.3.6.2 Use on nickel-chromium-iron alloy and 1

46、8 %nickel-maraging steel.7.3.7 Materials Group 4:4Superston is a registered trademark of Superston Corp., Jersey City, NJ.5Inconel is a registered trademark of The International Nickel Co., Inc.,Huntington, WV 25720.FIG. 3 Circular IQI IdentificationE10250547.3.7.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) sh

47、all be made of 70to 30 nickel-copper alloy (Monel)6(Class A or B of Specifi-cation B 164) or equivalent, or 70 to 30 copper-nickel alloy,(Alloy G of Specification B 161) or equivalent.7.3.7.2 Use on nickel, copper, all nickel-copper series, orcopper-nickel series of alloys, and all brasses (copper-z

48、incalloys). Group 4 IQIs may be used on the leaded brasses, sinceleaded brass increases in attenuation with increase in leadcontent. This would be equivalent to using a lower group IQI.7.3.8 Materials Group 5:7.3.8.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be made of tinbronze (Alloy D of Specificatio

49、n B 139).7.3.8.2 Use on tin bronzes including gun-metal and valvebronze, leaded-tin bronze of higher lead content than valvebronze. Group 5 IQIs may be used on bronze of higher leadcontent since leaded bronze increases in attenuation withincrease in lead content. This would be equivalent to using alower group IQI.NOTE 4In developing the eight listed materials groups, a number ofother trade names or other nominal alloy designations were evaluated. Forthe purpose of making this practice as useful as possible, these materialsare list