1、Designation: E1036 08 E1036 12Standard Test Methods forElectrical Performance of Nonconcentrator TerrestrialPhotovoltaic Modules and Arrays Using Reference Cells 1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1036; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the electrical performance of photovoltaic
3、 modules and arrays under natural or simulated sunlightusing a calibrated reference cell.1.1.1 These test methods allow a reference module to be used instead of a reference cell provided the reference module has beencalibrated using these test methods against a calibrated reference cell.1.2 Measurem
4、ents under a variety of conditions are allowed; results are reported under a select set of reporting conditions (RC)to facilitate comparison of results.1.3 These test methods apply only to nonconcentrator terrestrial modules and arrays.1.4 The performance parameters determined by these test methods
5、apply only at the time of the test, and imply no past or futureperformance level.1.5 These test methods apply to photovoltaic modules and arrays that do not contain series-connected photovoltaicmultijunction devices; such module and arrays should be tested according to Test Methods E2236.1.6 The val
6、ues stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate
7、safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodE772 Terminology of Solar Energy ConversionE927 Specification
8、for Solar Simulation for Photovoltaic TestingE941 Test Method for Calibration of Reference Pyranometers With Axis Tilted by the Shading Method (Withdrawn 2005)3E948 Test Method for Electrical Performance of Photovoltaic Cells Using Reference Cells Under Simulated SunlightE973 Test Method for Determi
9、nation of the Spectral Mismatch Parameter Between a Photovoltaic Device and a PhotovoltaicReference CellE1021 Test Method for Spectral Responsivity Measurements of Photovoltaic DevicesE1039 Test Method for Calibration of Silicon Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Primary Reference Cells Under Global Irra
10、diation(Withdrawn 2004)3E1040 Specification for Physical Characteristics of Nonconcentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference CellsE1125 Test Method for Calibration of Primary Non-Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells Using a TabularSpectrumE1328 Terminology Relating to Photovoltaic
11、 Solar Energy Conversion (Withdrawn 2012)3E1362 Test Method for Calibration of Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Secondary Reference Cells1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar, Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources and are the direct responsibility ofSu
12、bcommittee E44.09 on Photovoltaic Electric Power Conversion.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008Dec. 1, 2012. Published December 2008December 2012. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 20072008as E1036 02E1036 08.(2007). DOI: 10.1520/E1036-08.10.1520/E1036-12.2 For referen
13、ced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced o
14、n www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users co
15、nsult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E2236 Test Methods for Measuremen
16、t of Electrical Performance and Spectral Response of Nonconcentrator MultijunctionPhotovoltaic Cells and ModulesG173 Tables for Reference Solar Spectral Irradiances: Direct Normal and Hemispherical on 37 Tilted Surface3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms used in these test methods may b
17、e found in Terminology E772 and Terminology E1328.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 nominal operating cell temperature, NOCT, nthe temperature of a solar cell inside a module operating at an ambienttemperature of 20C, an irradiance of 800 Wm2 , and an average wind speed of 1 m
18、s1.3.2.2 reporting conditions, RC, nthe device temperature, total irradiance, and reference spectral irradiance conditions thatmodule or array performance data are corrected to.3.3 Symbols:3.3.1 The following symbols and units are used in these test methods:rtemperature coefficient of reference cell
19、 ISC, C1,current temperature coefficient of device under test, C1,(E)voltage temperature function of device under test, C1,Ccalibration constant of reference cell, Am2W1,Cadjusted calibration constant of reference cell, Am2W1,CfNOCT Correction factor,C,(T)voltage irradiance correction function of de
20、vice under test, dimensionless,TNOCT cell-ambient temperature difference, C,Eirradiance, Wm2,Eoirradiance at RC, Wm2,FFfill factor, dimensionless,Icurrent, A,Impcurrent at maximum power, A,Iocurrent at RC, A,Irshort-circuit current of reference cell (or module, see 1.1.1 and 4.3.4), A,Iscshort-circu
21、it current, A,Mspectral mismatch parameter, dimensionless,Pelectrical power, W,Pmmaximum power, W,Ttemperature, C,Taambient temperature, C,Tctemperature of cell in module, C,Totemperature at RC, C,Trtemperature of reference cell, C,wind speed, ms1,Vvoltage, V,Vmpvoltage at maximum power, V,Vovoltage
22、 at RC, V, andVocopen-circuit voltage, V.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 Measurement of the performance of a photovoltaic module or array illuminated by a light source consists of determiningat least the following electrical characteristics: short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, maximum power,
23、and voltage atmaximum power.4.2 These parameters are derived by applying the procedure in Section 8 to a set of current-voltage data pairs (I-V data) recordedwith the test module or array operating in the power-producing quadrant.TABLE 1 Reporting ConditionsTotal Irradiance,Wm2SpectralIrradianceDevi
24、ceTemperature,CStandard reporting conditions 1000 G173 25Nominal operating conditions 800 . NOCTE1036 1224.3 Testing the performance of a photovoltaic device involves the use of a calibrated photovoltaic reference cell to determinethe total irradiance.4.3.1 The reference cell is chosen according to
25、the spectral distribution of the irradiance under which it was calibrated, forexample, the direct normal or global spectrum. These spectra are defined by Tables G173G173 . The reference cell thereforedetermines to which spectrum the test module or array performance is referred.4.3.2 The reference ce
26、ll must match the device under test such that the spectral mismatch parameter is 1.00 6 0.05, asdetermined in accordance with Test Method E973.4.3.3 Recommended physical characteristics of reference cells are described in Specification E1040.4.3.4 A reference module may be used instead of a referenc
27、e cell throughout these test methods provided 4.3.2 is satisfied andthe short-circuit current of the reference module has been determined according to the procedures in these test methods using areference cell. The reference module must also meet the module package design requirements in Specificati
28、on E1040, with theexception of the electrical connector requirement. Ideally, electrical connections to an individual cell in the reference moduleshould be provided to allow for spectral responsivity measurement according to Test Method E1021.4.4 The spectral response of the module or array is usual
29、ly taken to be that of a representative cell from the module or arraytested in accordance with Test Method E1021. The representative cell should be packaged such that the optical properties of themodule or array packaging and the representative cell package are similar.4.5 The tests are performed us
30、ing either natural or simulated sunlight. Solar simulation requirements are stated in SpecificationE927.4.5.1 If a pulsed solar simulator is used as a light source, the transient responses of the module or array and the reference cellmust be compatible with the test equipment.4.6 The data from the m
31、easurements are translated to a set of reporting conditions (see 5.3) selected by the user of these testmethods. The actual test conditions, the test data (if available), and the translated data are then reported.5. Significance and Use5.1 It is the intent of these procedures to provide recognized m
32、ethods for testing and reporting the electrical performance ofphotovoltaic modules and arrays.5.2 The test results may be used for comparison of different modules or arrays among a group of similar items that might beencountered in testing a group of modules or arrays from a single source. They also
33、 may be used to compare diverse designs, suchas products from different manufacturers. Repeated measurements of the same module or array may be used for the study ofchanges in device performance.5.3 Measurements may be made over a range of test conditions. The measurement data are numerically transl
34、ated from the testconditions to standard RC, to nominal operating conditions, or to optional user-specified reporting conditions. Recommended RCare defined in Table 1.5.3.1 If the test conditions are such that the device temperature is within 62C of the RC temperature and the total irradianceis with
35、in 65 % of the RC irradiance, the numerical translation consists of a correction to the measured device current based onthe total irradiance during the I-V measurement.5.3.2 If the provision in 5.3.1 is not met, performance at RC is obtained from four separate I-V measurements at temperatureand irra
36、diance conditions that bracket the desired RC using a bilinear interpolation method.45.3.2.1 There are a variety of methods that may be used to bracket the temperature and irradiance. One method involves coolingthe module under test below the reference temperature and making repeated measurements of
37、 the I-V characteristics as the modulewarms up. The irradiance of pulsed light sources may be adjusted by using neutral density mesh filters of varying transmittance.If the distance between the simulator and the test plane can be varied then this adjustment can be used to change the irradiance.In na
38、tural sunlight, the irradiance will change with the time of day or if the solar incidence angle is adjusted.5.4 These test methods are based on two requirements.5.4.1 First, the reference cell (or module, see 1.1.1 and 4.3.4) is selected so that its spectral response is considered to be closeto the
39、module or array to be tested.5.4.2 Second, the spectral response of a representative cell and the spectral distribution of the irradiance source must be known.The calibration constant of the reference cell is then corrected to account for the difference between the actual and the referencespectral i
40、rradiance distributions using the spectral mismatch parameter, which is defined in Test Method E973.5.5 Terrestrial reference cells are calibrated with respect to a reference spectral irradiance distribution, for example, TablesG173.5.6 A reference cell made and calibrated as described in 4.3 will i
41、ndicate the total irradiance incident on a module or arraywhose spectral response is close to that of the reference cell.4 Marion, B., Rummel, S., and Anderberg, A., “Current-Voltage Curve Translation by Bilinear Interpolation,” Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2004, 12:593607.E1036 1235.7 With the perfo
42、rmance data determined in accordance with these test methods, it becomes possible to predict module or arrayperformance from measurements under any test light source in terms of any reference spectral irradiance distribution.5.8 The reference conditions of 5.3.1 must be met if the measured I-V curve
43、 exhibits “kinks” or multiple inflection points.6. Apparatus6.1 Photovoltaic Reference CellA calibrated reference cell is used to determine the total irradiance during the electricalperformance measurement.6.1.1 The reference cell shall be matched in its spectral response to a representative cell of
44、 the test module or array such thatthe spectral mismatch parameter as determined by Test Method E973 is 1.00 6 0.05.6.1.2 Specification E1040 provides recommended physical characteristics of reference cells.6.1.3 Reference cells may be calibrated in accordance with Test Methods E1039, E1125, or E136
45、2, as appropriate for aparticular application.6.1.4 A current measurement instrument (see 6.7) shall be used to determine the Isc of the reference cell when illuminated withthe light source (see 6.4).6.2 Test Fixture The device to be tested is mounted on a test fixture that facilitates temperature m
46、easurement and four-wirecurrent-voltage measurements (Kelvin probe, see 6.3). The design of the test fixture shall prevent any increase or decrease of thedevice output due to reflections or shadowing. Arrays installed in the field shall be tested as installed. See 7.2.3 for additionalrestrictions an
47、d reporting requirements.6.3 Kelvin Probe An arrangement of contacts that consists of two pairs of wires attached to the two output terminals of thedevice under test. One pair of wires is used to conduct the current flowing through the device, and the other pair is used to measurethe voltage across
48、the device. A schematic diagram of an I-V measurement using a Kelvin Probe is given in Fig. 1 of Test MethodE948.6.4 Light Source The light source shall be either natural sunlight or a solar simulator providing Class A, B, or C simulationas specified in Specification E927.6.5 Temperature Measurement
49、 EquipmentThe instrument or instruments used to measure the temperature of both thereference cell and the device under test shall have a resolution of at least 0.1C, and shall have a total error of less than 61C ofreading.6.5.1 Temperature sensors, such as thermocouples or thermistors, suitable for the test temperature range shall be attached in amanner that allows measurement of the device temperature. Because module and array temperatures can vary spatially undercontinuous illumination, multiple sensors
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