1、Designation: E 1056 85 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Practice forInstallation and Service of Solar Domestic Water HeatingSystems for One- and Two-Family Dwellings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1056; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides descriptions of solar domesticwater heating sy
3、stems and sets forth installation and servicepractices in new and existing one- and two-family dwellings tohelp ensure adequate operation and safety.2,31.2 This practice applies regardless of the fraction of heat-ing requirement supplied by solar energy, the type of conven-tional fuel used in conjun
4、ction with solar, or the heat transferfluid (or fluids) used as the energy transport medium. However,where more stringent requirements are recommended by themanufacturer, these manufacturer requirements shall prevail.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.1.4 Thi
5、s standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificprecautio
6、nary statements, see Sections 6 and 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4E 772 Terminology Relating to Solar Energy Conversion2.2 SMACNA Standards:5Medium Pressure Duct Construction StandardsFibrous Glass Duct Construction StandardsFlexible Duct Performance and Installation Standards2.3 NFPA
7、 Standard:NFPA321 Basic Classifications of Flammable and Combus-tible Liquids62.4 ANSI Standard:Z 21.22 Relief Valves and Automatic Gas Shut Off Devicesfor Hot Water Supply Systems73. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 auxiliary energy subsystem, nin solar energy appli-cation, equipment using nonsolar
8、 energy sources to supplementor backup the output provided by a solar energy system.(E 772)3.1.2 flash point, nof a liquid, the minimum temperatureat which it gives off vapor in sufficient concentration to form anignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid withinthe vessel as specified
9、 by appropriate test procedure andapparatus. (See Terminology E 772 and NFPA 321.)3.1.3 heat transfer fluid, n(1) in solar energy systems, aliquid or gas that passes through the solar collector and carriesthe absorbed thermal energy away from the collector. (2) anyfluid that is used to transfer ther
10、mal energy between sub-systems in solar energy systems. (E 772)3.1.4 operating conditions, extreme, nunusual physicalconditions to which a component or system may be exposedand for which it is not designed or intended to withstand, noris it required to withstand by a local regulatory agency.(E 772)3
11、.1.5 operating conditions, normal, nthe usual range ofphysical conditions (for example, temperature, pressure, wearand tear, weather) for which the component or system wasdesigned. (E 772)3.1.6 solar energy system, active, na solar energy systemthat uses mechanical equipment (pumps, fans), that is n
12、ot anintegral part of a structure, to collect and transfer thermalenergy, either to the point of use or to be stored for later use.(E 772)3.1.7 solar water heating systems, direct, na solar waterheating system in which the potable water passes directly from1This practice is under the jurisdiction of
13、 ASTM Committee E44 on Solar,Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E44.05 on Solar Heating and Cooling Systems and Materials.Current edition approved March 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition appro
14、ved in 2001 as E 105685(2001).2Dikkers, R., “Performance Criteria for Solar Heating and Cooling Systems inResidential Buildings,” Department of Housing and Urban Development andNational Bureau of Standards, September, 1982.3Hollander, P. E., “Installation Guidelines for Solar DHW Systems in One- and
15、Two-Family Dwellings,” Franklin Research Center, U. S. Goverment PrintingOffice, April 1979.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document S
16、ummary page onthe ASTM website.5Available from Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Assoc.(SMACNA), 8224 Old Courthouse Rd., Tysons Center, VA 22180.6Available from National Fire Protection Assoc., Batterymach Park, Quincy,MA 02269.7Available from American National Standards Institu
17、te (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.the water supply, through the collectors and storage, to theresidential hot water supply. (E 772)3.1.8 solar
18、energy system, drainback, na solar energysystem in which the heat transfer fluid is drained out of thecollector and exposed piping, and into a storage tank, a holdingtank, or expansion tank in order to protect the collector andpiping from damage due to freezing. (E 772)3.1.9 solar energy system, dra
19、indown, na solar energysystem in which the heat transfer fluid is drained out of thecollector and exposed piping to an external drain in order toprotect the collector and piping from damage due to freezing.(E 772)3.1.10 solar water heating system, indirect, na solar waterheating system in which a cl
20、osed circulation loop isolates onefluid from contact with others in the system. This closed loopmay contain a nonpotable fluid. (E 772)3.1.11 solar energy system, thermosiphon, na solar en-ergy system in which the heat transfer fluid circulates byconvection as the less dense, warm fluid rises and is
21、 displayedby the denser, cooler fluid. (E 772)3.1.12 solar water heating system, tank absorber, nSolarDomestic Hot Water (SDHW) system in which solar radiationis absorbed by the surface of the storage tank, which is usuallyinstalled in an insulated housing whose sunward side is glazed.Such systems a
22、re also referred to as “batch” or “breadbox”heaters.3.1.13 weather conditions, extreme, nenvironmental con-ditions that are rare in a local climatic region (which haveoccurred no more than once during the past 30 years).3.1.14 weather conditions, normal, nthe (actual or antici-pated) range of enviro
23、nmental conditions (rain, snow, hail,wind, temperature, pollution) that typically occur in a localclimatic region over several years. (E 772)3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 accessible, adjpermitting close approach that mayrequire removal or opening of an access panel, door,
24、or similarobstruction.3.2.2 durability, nthe ability (of a system or component)to operate properly as long as intended.3.2.3 potable water, nwater that is free of impurities inamounts sufficient to cause disease or harmful physiologicaleffects and conforming in its bacteriological and chemicalqualit
25、y to the regulations of the public health authority havingjurisdiction.3.2.4 reliability, nthe ability (of a system or component)to operate properly when required.3.2.5 SDHW, nsolar domestic hot water.3.2.6 shall, via mandatory requirement necessary to pro-vide minimum operation and safety.3.2.7 sho
26、uld, via recommended method or component toprovide improved performance and effectiveness.3.2.8 toxic, adjany substance (other than a radioactivesubstance) that has the capacity to produce personal injury orillness to man through ingestion, inhalation, or absorptionthrough any body surface, or any s
27、ubstance producing a lethaldose in half (LD50) of white rats when ingested as a singledose of less than 10 g/kg of body mass.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is intended to serve as a guide to manu-facturers, distributors, installers, contractors, regulatory offi-cials, and owners. It is not
28、 intended to specify detailed methodsof testing, installation, or servicing for the system or any of itscomponents.4.2 This practice sets forth those methods and componentsnecessary for minimum operation and safety. It also suggestsmethods for improved operation and effectiveness.5. System Component
29、s and Control Functions5.1 This section covers the system components and relatedcontrol functions that are required to collect, transport, store,and convert the solar energy for typical domestic hot watersystems.5.2 Table 1 shows the recommended system componentsand related control functions that ar
30、e required for solardomestic hot water systems. Numbers in Figs. 1-7 refer tocomponents in Table 1.5.3 Freeze protection is a necessary subsystem for mostSDHW systems. Each type of system in Figs. 1-7 providefreeze protection by the use of specific components or thenature of the system operation. On
31、e option for providing freezeprotection for each system is illustrated in Figs. 1-7 (see 6.2 forother acceptable options). Options may be combined.6. Installation and Servicing6.1 This section outlines recommended installation andservicing minimum practices needed to provide an effectiveSDHW system
32、operation.6.2 Freeze Protection:6.2.1 SDHW systems installed in climates where freezingcan occur shall be protected.6.2.1.1 Antifreeze ChemicalsFreeze protection may beaccomplished through the use of chemicals either as or in theheat transfer fluid.6.2.1.2 Automatic DrainingFreeze protection may be
33、ac-complished through the use of system controls which automati-cally allow heat transfer fluids to drain from parts of the systemexposed to freezing temperatures, as in the draindown ordrainback systems. Electrically operated valves shall drain thesystem when there is a power outage (that is, fail
34、safe).6.2.1.3 Automatic RecirculationFreeze protection may beaccomplished through the use of system controls which auto-matically circulates heat transfer fluids through the systemwhen outdoor temperatures reach predetermined levels. Thisfreeze protection does not operate during periods of powerouta
35、ge unless an auxiliary source of power is provided. Thisfreeze protection system is not recommended for use in areaswith frequent or severe freeze conditions, and may increase theheat loss of the system during off periods.6.2.1.4 Manual DrainingFreeze protection may be ac-complished through the use
36、of system controls which allow anoperator to manually drain the system of heat transfer fluids.Caution should be exercised when depending on this method offreeze protection since it requires human attention for properoperation. Failure to operate the system properly may result inconsiderable damage.
37、E 1056 85 (2007)26.2.1.5 Low Wattage Electric Resistance HeatingFreezeprotection for tank absorber systems may be accomplishedthrough the use of low wattage (less than 300 W) electricalresistance heaters and system controls that supply heat to thetank and adjacent piping/fittings only when temperatu
38、res insidethe system reach 35 + 2F (2 + 1C). This freeze protectionsystem does not operate during periods of power outage unlessan auxiliary source power is provided.6.2.1.6 Freeze Tolerant MaterialsFreeze protection maybe accomplished through the use of materials which are notdamaged by repeated cy
39、cles of freezing and thawing whilefilled with potable water, provided evidence that the materialcan withstand such cycling is supplied.6.3 Collector Subsystems:6.3.1 Collectors shall be installed in accordance with theinstructions provided by the collector manufacturer or systemdesigner, or both, an
40、d in compliance with requirements of theapplicable building codes and standards.6.3.2 Structural supports shall be constructed to support thecollector under anticipated extremes of environmental condi-tions and to withstand local conditions and anticipated loads,such as wind, seismic, rain, snow, an
41、d ice so that the solarsystem does not impair the resistance to damage of thebuilding. Neither wind loading nor the additional mass of filledcollectors shall exceed the live and dead load ratings of thebuilding, roof, foundation, or soil.6.3.3 Structural supports shall be constructed to maintaincoll
42、ector tilt and orientation within design conditions through-out the life of the SDHW system.6.3.4 Joints between support structures and the buildingshall be caulked or flashed, or both, to prevent water leakage.Access should be provided to permit minor repairs to flashingand caulking without disturb
43、ing roof, collector supports, orcollector panels.6.3.5 Collectors shall be installed so as not to contribute tomoisture buildup, rotting, or other accelerated deterioration ofroofing materials.6.3.6 Collectors and supports shall be installed in a mannerthat water flowing off the collector surface wi
44、ll not increase thepotential for ice dams or cause water damage, or both, to thebuilding or premature erosion of the roof.6.3.7 Provisions should be taken to minimize buildup ofsnow upon collectors which may reduce their effectiveness.6.3.8 Structural supports shall be selected and installed insuch
45、a manner that thermal expansion of the collector sub-system will not cause damage to the collector, structural frame,or building.6.3.9 Collectors and supports shall not create a hazard byblocking any means of egress.6.3.10 Safe access to components subject to deterioration orfailure, such as rubber
46、hoses, joint sealants, and cover plates,shall be provided to allow for maintenance or repair. Forroof-mounted collectors, work space adjacent to collectors andprovisions for safe placement of ladders should be considered.6.3.11 Collectors should be installed giving consideration tominimizing objecti
47、onable glare.6.3.12 Protection of collectors and components shall beprovided during handling and installation to prevent damage.TABLE 1 Solar Domestic Water Heating System ComponentsSchematicI.D. No.Component Function Text Reference1 Solar Collector convert radiant energy into thermal energy 6.3, 7.
48、6.12 Solar Storage Tank accumulate thermal energy in the form of solar heated water tosupply domestic needs6.43 Insulation minimize thermal losses from components 6.4.2, 7.6.3, 6.7.3,6.7.114 Piping Fittings interconnect components and convey heat transfer fluid 6.75 Mixing Valve limit temperature of
49、 domestic hot water delivered for personal use 7.2.106 Temperature and Pressure Relief Valve automatically relieves pressure if temperature and/or pressuremaxima are exceeded6.6.3, 7.2.1-7.2.77 Auxiliary Heat Source supplements solar energy to provide adequate hot water 6.7.178 Pump circulate liquid 6.89 Controller controls the collection and distribution of thermal energy within thesolar domestic hot water system and may provide limited safetyfunctions6.610 Auxiliary Storage Tank and Heat Source supplements solar energy to provide hot water and storage
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