1、Designation: E1056 13Standard Practice forInstallation and Service of Solar Domestic Water HeatingSystems for One- and Two-Family Dwellings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1056; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides descriptions of solar domesticwater heating systems and sets forth
3、installation and servicepractices in new and existing one- and two-family dwellings tohelp ensure adequate operation and safety.2,31.2 This practice applies regardless of the fraction of heat-ing requirement supplied by solar energy, the type of conven-tional fuel used in conjunction with solar, or
4、the heat transferfluid (or fluids) used as the energy transport medium. However,where more stringent requirements are recommended by themanufacturer, these manufacturer requirements shall prevail.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses
5、 are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safe
6、ty and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificprecautionary statements, see Sections 6 and 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4E772 Terminology of Solar Energy Conversion2.2 SMACNA Standards:5Medium Pressure Duct Construction St
7、andardsFibrous Glass Duct Construction StandardsFlexible Duct Performance and Installation Standards2.3 NFPA Standard:NFPA 321 Basic Classifications of Flammable and Combus-tible Liquids62.4 ANSI Standard:Z 21.22 Relief Valves and Automatic Gas Shut Off Devicesfor Hot Water Supply Systems73. Termino
8、logy3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 auxiliary energy subsystem, nin solar energyapplication, equipment using nonsolar energy sources tosupplement or backup the output provided by a solar energysystem. (E772)3.1.2 flash point, nof a liquid, the minimum temperatureat which it gives off vapor in sufficient conce
9、ntration to form anignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid withinthe vessel as specified by appropriate test procedure andapparatus. (See Terminology E772 and NFPA 321.)3.1.3 heat transfer fluid, n (1) in solar energy systems, aliquid or gas that passes through the solar collector
10、and carriesthe absorbed thermal energy away from the collector. (2) anyfluid that is used to transfer thermal energy between subsys-tems in solar energy systems. (E772)3.1.4 operating conditions, extreme, n unusual physicalconditions to which a component or system may be exposedand for which it is n
11、ot designed or intended to withstand, noris it required to withstand by a local regulatory agency. (E772)3.1.5 operating conditions, normal, nthe usual range ofphysical conditions (for example, temperature, pressure, wearand tear, weather) for which the component or system wasdesigned. (E772)1This p
12、ractice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar,Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E44.05 on Solar Heating and Cooling Systems and Materials.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originallyapprove
13、d in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E105685(2007). DOI:10.1520/E1056-13.2Dikkers, R., “Performance Criteria for Solar Heating and Cooling Systems inResidential Buildings,” Department of Housing and Urban Development andNational Bureau of Standards, September, 1982.3Hollander, P. E.,
14、 “Installation Guidelines for Solar DHW Systems in One- andTwo-Family Dwellings,” Franklin Research Center, U. S. Goverment PrintingOffice, April 1979.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStan
15、dards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5Available from Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Assoc.(SMACNA), 8224 Old Courthouse Rd., Tysons Center, VA 22180.6Available from National Fire ProtectionAssoc., Batterymach Park, Quincy, M
16、A02269.7Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.6 solar energy system, active, na solar energy s
17、ystemthat uses mechanical equipment (pumps, fans), that is not anintegral part of a structure, to collect and transfer thermalenergy, either to the point of use or to be stored for later use.(E772)3.1.7 solar water heating systems, direct, na solar waterheating system in which the potable water pass
18、es directly fromthe water supply, through the collectors and storage, to theresidential hot water supply. (E772)3.1.8 solar energy system, drainback, n a solar energysystem in which the heat transfer fluid is drained out of thecollector and exposed piping, and into a storage tank, a holdingtank, or
19、expansion tank inside the building envelope in order toprotect the collector and piping from damage due to freezing.(E772)3.1.9 solar energy system, draindown, n a solar energysystem in which the heat transfer fluid is drained out of thecollector and exposed piping to an external drain in order topr
20、otect the collector and piping from damage due to freezing.(E772)3.1.10 solar water heating system, indirect, na solar waterheating system in which a closed circulation loop isolates onefluid from contact with others in the system. This closed loopmay contain a nonpotable fluid. (E772)3.1.11 solar e
21、nergy system, thermosiphon, n a solar en-ergy system in which the heat transfer fluid circulates byconvection as the less dense, warm fluid rises and is displayedby the denser, cooler fluid. (E772)3.1.12 solar water heating system, tank absorber, nSolarHot Water (SHW) system in which solar radiation
22、 is absorbedby the surface of the storage tank, which is usually installed inan insulated housing whose sunward side is glazed. Suchsystems are also referred to as “integral collector storage(ICS)”, batch” or “breadbox” heaters.3.1.13 weather conditions, extreme, nenvironmental con-ditions that are
23、rare in a local climatic region (which haveoccurred no more than once during the past 30 years).3.1.14 weather conditions, normal, nthe (actual or antici-pated) range of environmental conditions (rain, snow, hail,wind, temperature, pollution) that typically occur in a localclimatic region over sever
24、al years. (E772)3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 accessible, adjpermitting close approach that mayrequire removal or opening of an access panel, door, or similarobstruction.3.2.2 durability, nthe ability (of a system or component)to operate properly as long as intended.3.2.3
25、potable water, nwater that is free of impurities inamounts sufficient to cause disease or harmful physiologicaleffects and conforming in its bacteriological and chemicalquality to the regulations of the public health authority havingjurisdiction.3.2.4 reliability, nthe ability (of a system or compon
26、ent)to operate properly when required.3.2.5 SHW, nsolar hot water.3.2.6 shall, via mandatory requirement necessary to pro-vide minimum operation and safety.3.2.7 should, via recommended method or component toprovide improved performance and effectiveness.3.2.8 toxic, adjany substance (other than a r
27、adioactivesubstance) that has the capacity to produce personal injury orillness to man through ingestion, inhalation, or absorptionthrough any body, surface, or any substance producing a lethaldose in half of white rats (LD50) when ingested as a singledose of less than 10 g/kg of body mass.4. Signif
28、icance and Use4.1 This practice is intended to serve as a guide tomanufacturers, distributors, installers, contractors, regulatoryofficials, and owners. It is not intended to specify detailedmethods of testing, installation, or servicing for the system orany of its components.4.2 This practice sets
29、forth those methods and componentsnecessary for minimum operation and safety. It also suggestsmethods for improved operation and effectiveness.5. System Components and Control Functions5.1 This section covers the system components and relatedcontrol functions that are required to collect, transport,
30、 store,and convert the solar energy for typical domestic hot watersystems.5.2 Table 1 shows the recommended system componentsand related control functions that are required for solardomestic hot water systems. Numbers in Figs. 1-7 refer tocomponents in Table 1.5.3 Freeze protection is a necessary su
31、bsystem for mostSHW systems. Each type of system in Figs. 1-7 provide freezeprotection by the use of specific components or the nature ofthe system operation. One option for providing freeze protec-tion for each system is illustrated in Figs. 1-7 (see 6.2 for otheracceptable options). Options may be
32、 combined.6. Installation and Servicing6.1 This section outlines recommended installation andservicing minimum practices needed to provide an effectiveSHW system operation.6.2 Freeze Protection:6.2.1 SHW systems installed in climates where freezing canoccur shall be protected.6.2.1.1 Antifreeze Chem
33、icalsFreeze protection may beaccomplished through the use of chemicals either as or in theheat transfer fluid.6.2.1.2 Automatic DrainingFreeze protection may be ac-complished through the use of system controls which automati-cally allow heat transfer fluids to drain from parts of the systemexposed t
34、o freezing temperatures, as in the draindown ordrainback systems. Electrically operated valves shall drain thesystem when there is a power outage (that is, fail safe).6.2.1.3 Automatic RecirculationFreeze protection may beaccomplished through the use of system controls which auto-matically circulate
35、s heat transfer fluids through the systemE1056 132when outdoor temperatures reach predetermined levels. Thisfreeze protection does not operate during periods of poweroutage unless an auxiliary source of power is provided. Thisfreeze protection system is not recommended for use in areaswith frequent
36、or severe freeze conditions, and may increase theheat loss of the system during off periods.6.2.1.4 Manual DrainingFreeze protection may be ac-complished through the use of system controls which allow anoperator to manually drain the system of heat transfer fluids.Caution should be exercised when de
37、pending on this method offreeze protection since it requires human attention for properoperation. Failure to operate the system properly may result inconsiderable damage.6.2.1.5 Low Wattage Electric Resistance HeatingFreezeprotection for tank absorber systems may be accomplishedthrough the use of lo
38、w wattage (less than 300 W) electricalresistance heaters and system controls that supply heat to thetank and adjacent piping/fittings only when temperatures insidethe system reach 35 + 2F (2 + 1C). This freeze protectionsystem does not operate during periods of power outage unlessan auxiliary source
39、 power is provided.6.2.1.6 Freeze Tolerant MaterialsFreeze protection maybe accomplished through the use of materials which are notdamaged by repeated cycles of freezing and thawing whilefilled with potable water, provided evidence that the materialcan withstand such cycling is supplied.6.3 Collecto
40、r Subsystems:6.3.1 Collectors shall be installed in accordance with theinstructions provided by the collector manufacturer or systemdesigner, or both, and in compliance with requirements of theapplicable building codes and standards.6.3.2 Structural supports shall be constructed to support thecollec
41、tor under anticipated extremes of environmental condi-tions and to withstand local conditions and anticipated loads,such as wind, seismic, rain, snow, and ice so that the solarsystem does not impair the resistance to damage of thebuilding. Neither wind loading nor the additional mass of filledcollec
42、tors shall exceed the live and dead load ratings of thebuilding, roof, foundation, or soil.6.3.3 Structural supports shall be constructed to maintaincollector tilt and orientation within design conditions through-out the life of the SHW system.6.3.4 Joints between support structures and the building
43、shall be caulked or flashed, or both, to prevent water leakage.6.3.5 Collectors shall be installed so as not to contribute tomoisture buildup, rotting, or other accelerated deterioration ofroofing materials.6.3.6 Collectors and supports shall be installed in a mannerthat water flowing off the collec
44、tor surface will not increase thepotential for ice dams or cause water damage, or both, to thebuilding or premature erosion of the roof.6.3.7 Provisions should be taken to minimize buildup ofsnow upon collectors which may reduce their effectiveness.6.3.8 Structural supports shall be selected and ins
45、talled insuch a manner that thermal expansion of the collector subsys-tem will not cause damage to the collector, structural frame, orbuilding.TABLE 1 Solar Domestic Water Heating System ComponentsSchematicI.D. No.Component Function Text Reference1 Solar Collector convert radiant energy into thermal
46、 energy 6.3, 7.6.12 Solar Storage Tank accumulate thermal energy in the form of solar heated water tosupply domestic needs6.43 Insulation minimize thermal losses from components 6.4.2, 7.6.3, 6.7.3,6.7.104 Piping Fittings interconnect components and convey heat transfer fluid 6.75 Mixing Valve limit
47、 temperature of domestic hot water delivered for personal use 7.2.106 Temperature and Pressure Relief Valve automatically relieves pressure if temperature and/or pressuremaxima are exceeded6.6.3, 7.2.1 7.2.77 Auxiliary Heat Source supplements solar energy to provide adequate hot water 6.7.168 Pump c
48、irculate liquid 6.89 Controller controls the collection and distribution of thermal energy within thesolar domestic hot water system and may provide limited safety func-tions6.610 Auxiliary Storage Tank and Heat Source supplements solar energy to provide hot water and storage 6.7.1611 Heat Exchanger
49、 (internal or external) transfer thermal energy between physically separated fluids 6.8.46.8.6, 6.5.2,7.3.112 Air Duct interconnect collectors and heat exchanger in system employing airas transfer medium6.713 Blower circulate air 6.814 Expansion Tank protect system from pressure damage created by expansion of heattransfer liquid6.6.515 Heat Transfer Fluid Transports thermal energy 6.5, 7.6.216 Pressure Relief Valve automatically relieves pressure if maximum is exceeded 6.6.3, 7.2.1 7.2.717 Check Valve prevent reverse liquid flow 6.6.818 Vent Valve
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