1、Designation: E1067/E1067M 11Standard Practice forAcoustic Emission Examination of Fiberglass ReinforcedPlastic Resin (FRP) Tanks/Vessels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1067/E1067M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers acoustic emission (AE) examina-tion or monitoring of fiberglass-
3、reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks-vessels (equipment) under pressure or vacuum to determinestructural integrity.1.2 This practice is limited to tanks-vessels designed tooperate at an internal pressure no greater than 1.73 MPaabsolute 250 psia above the static pressure due to the internalcontents. It is
4、 also applicable for tanks-vessels designed forvacuum service with differential pressure levels between 0 and0.10 MPa 0 and 14.5 psi.1.3 This practice is limited to tanks-vessels with glasscontents greater than 15 % by weight.1.4 This practice applies to examinations of new and in-service equipment.
5、1.5 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the s
6、tandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For m
7、ore specificsafety precautionary information see 8.1.)2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD5436 Specification for Cast Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)Plastic Rods, Tubes, and ShapesE543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive TestingE650 Guide for
8、Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic EmissionSensorsE750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instru-mentationE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE2075 Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-SensorResponse Using an Acrylic RodE2374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performanc
9、eVerification2.2 ANSI/ASNT Standards:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for NondestructiveTesting Personnel Qualification and Certification3ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel32.3 AIA Standard:NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nonde
10、structivePersonnel (Quality Assurance Committee)43. Terminology3.1 Complete definitions of terms related to plastics andacoustic emission will be found in Terminology D883 andE1316.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 FRPfiberglass reinforced plastic, a glass-fiber poly-mer compo
11、site with certain mechanical properties superior tothose of the base resin.3.2.2 operating pressurethe pressure at the top of a vesselat which it normally operates. It shall not exceed the designpressure and it is usually kept at a suitable level below thesetting of the pressure-relieving devices to
12、 prevent theirfrequent opening.3.2.3 pressure, designthe pressure used in design todetermine the required minimum thicknesses and minimummechanical properties.3.2.4 processora circuit that analyzes AE waveforms.(See Section 7 and A1.8.)1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 o
13、n Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 onAcoustic Emission Method.Current edition approved July 1, 2011. Published July 2011. Originally approvedin 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E1067 - 07. DOI: 10.1520/E1067-11.2For referenced ASTM standa
14、rds, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fromAmerican Society for NondestructiveTesting (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Ar
15、lingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.4Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700,Arlington, VA22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM Intern
16、ational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.5 summing amplifier (summer, mixer)an operationalamplifier that produces an output signal equal to a weightedsum of the input signals.3.2.6 zonethe area surrounding a sensor from which AEcan be detected
17、by that sensor.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice consists of subjecting equipment to in-creasing pressure or vacuum while monitoring with sensorsthat are sensitive to acoustic emission (transient stress waves)caused by growing flaws. The instrumentation and techniquesfor sensing and analyzing
18、AE data are described.4.2 This practice provides guidelines to determine the loca-tion and severity of structural flaws in FRP equipment.4.3 This practice provides guidelines forAE examination ofFRP equipment within the pressure range stated in 1.2.Maximum test pressure (or vacuum) for an FRP vessel
19、 will bedetermined upon agreement among user, manufacturer, or testagency, or a combination thereof. Pressure vessels will nor-mally be tested to 1.1 3 operating pressure. Atmosphericstorage vessels and vacuum vessels will normally be testedunder maximum operating conditions. Vessels will normally b
20、etested at ambient temperature. In the case of elevated operatingtemperature the test may be performed either at operating orambient temperature.5. Significance and Use5.1 The AE examination method detects damage in FRPequipment. The damage mechanisms that are detected in FRPare as follows: resin cr
21、acking, fiber debonding, fiber pullout,fiber breakage, delamination, and bond failure in assembledjoints (for example, nozzles, manways, etc.). Flaws in un-stressed areas and flaws that are structurally insignificant willnot generate AE.5.2 This practice is convenient for on-line use under oper-atin
22、g stress to determine structural integrity of in-serviceequipment usually with minimal process disruption.5.3 Indications located with AE should be examined byother techniques; for example, visual, ultrasound, dye pen-etrant, etc., and may be repaired and tested as appropriate.Repair procedure recom
23、mendations are outside the scope ofthis practice.6. Basis of Application6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-ment between the parties using or referencing this practice:6.2 Personnel Qualification:6.2.1 If specified in the contractual agreement, personnelperforming examinations t
24、o this standard shall be qualified inaccordance with a nationally or internationally recognizedNDT personnel qualification practice or standard such asANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, or a similardocument and certified by the employer or certifying agency,as applicable. The practice or standard
25、 used and its applicablerevision shall be identified in the contractual agreement be-tween the using parties.6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive AgenciesIf specifiedin the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualifiedand evaluated as described in Practice E543. The applicableedition of Prac
26、tice E543 shall be specified in the contractualagreement.6.4 Procedures and TechniquesThe procedures and tech-niques to be utilized shall be as specified in the contractualagreement.6.5 Surface PreparationThe pre-examination surfacepreparation criteria shall be in accordance with 9.2 unlessotherwise
27、 specified.6.6 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance CriteriaReporting cri-teria for the examination results shall be in accordance withSection 13 unless otherwise specified. Since acceptance criteriaare not specified in this practice, they shall be specified in thecontractual agreement.7. Instrumentation7.
28、1 The AE instrumentation consists of sensors, signalprocessors, and recording equipment. Additional informationon AE instrumentation can be found in Practice E750.7.2 Instrumentation shall be capable of recording AE hits,signal strength and hit duration and have sufficient channels tolocalize AE sou
29、rces in real time. It may incorporate (as anoption) peak-amplitude detection for each input channel or forgroups of channels. Hit detection is required for each channel.An AE hit amplitude measurement is recommended for sensi-tivity verification (see Annex A2). Amplitude distributions arerecommended
30、 for flaw characterization. It is preferred that AEinstrumentation acquire and record duration hit and amplitudeinformation on a per channel basis. The AE instrumentation isfurther described in Annex A1.7.3 Capability for measuring parameters such as time andpressure shall be provided. The pressure-
31、vacuum in the vesselshould be continuously monitored to an accuracy of 62%ofthe maximum test value.7.4 Lockouts and Guard SensorsThese techniques shallnot be used.7.5 Instrument Displays- The instrumentation shall becapable of providing the following real time displays:7.5.1 Bar Chart by Channel of
32、Cumulative SignalStrengthEnables the inspector to identify which channel isrecording the most data.7.5.2 Amplitude per Hit Versus TimeProvides the inspec-tor with early warning of an impending failure.7.5.3 Duration per Hit Versus TimeUseful for identifyingrubbing or sliding.7.5.4 Log Duration (or C
33、ounts) per Hit Versus Amplitudeper HitHelps the inspector determine the presence of falseemission signals7.5.5 Cumulative Signal Strength per Channel VersusTimeUseful for identifying certain types of instrument mal-functions.7.6 Cumulative Amplitude Distribution, or a tabular listingby channel numbe
34、r of total hits equal to and greater thandefined amplitude values. Tabular amplitude values shall be inincrements of not greater than 5 dB and shall be for at least a35 dB range beginning at the threshold.These displays are usedto provide warning of significant fiber breakage of the type thatcan lea
35、d to sudden structural failure. The displays also provideE1067/E1067M 112information about the micromechanisms giving rise to theemission and warn of potential instrument malfunction.8. Examination Preparations8.1 SafetyAll plant safety requirements unique to theexamination location shall be met.8.1
36、1 Protective clothing and equipment that is normallyrequired in the area in which the examination is beingconducted shall be worn.8.1.2 A fire permit may be needed to use the electronicinstrumentation.8.1.3 Precautions shall be taken to protect against theconsequences of catastrophic failure when p
37、ressure testing, forexample, flying debris and impact of escaping liquid. Pressur-izing under pneumatic conditions is not recommended exceptwhen normal service loads include either a superposed gaspressure or gas pressure only. Care shall be taken to avoidoverstressing the lower section of the vesse
38、l when liquid testloads are used to simulate operating gas pressures.8.1.4 Special safety precautions shall be taken when pneu-matic testing is required; for example, safety valves, etc.8.2 Vessel ConditioningThe operating conditions for ves-sels that have been stressed previously shall be reduced p
39、rior toexamining in accordance with the schedule shown in Table 1.The maximum operating pressure or load in the vessel duringthe past year must be known in order to conduct the AEexamination properly.8.3 Vessel StressingArrangements should be made tostress the vessel to the operating pressure-load w
40、here possible.The stress rate shall be sufficient to expedite the examinationwith minimum extraneous noise. Holding stress levels is a keyaspect of an acoustic emission examination. Accordingly,provision must be made for holding the pressure-load atdesignated check points.8.3.1 Atmospheric TanksProc
41、ess liquid is the preferred fillmedium for atmospheric tanks. If water must replace theprocess liquid, the designer and user shall be in agreement onthe procedure to achieve acceptable stress levels.8.3.2 Vacuum-Tank StressingA controllable vacuum-pump system is required for vacuum tanks.8.3.3 Press
42、ure-Vessel StressingWater is the preferred me-dium for pressure tanks. Safe means for hydraulically increas-ing the pressure under controlled conditions shall be provided.8.4 Tank SupportThe tank shall be examined in its oper-ating position and supported in a manner consistent with goodinstallation
43、practice. Flat-bottomed tanks examined in otherthan the intended location shall be mounted on a pad (forexample, rubber on a concrete base or equivalent) to reducestructure-borne noise between the tank and base.8.5 EnvironmentalThe normal minimum acceptable ves-sel wall temperature is 4C 40F.8.6 Noi
44、se ReductionNoise sources in the examinationfrequency and amplitude range, such as rain, spargers, andforeign objects contacting the tank, must be minimized sincethey mask the AE signals emanating from the structure. Theinlet should be at the lowest nozzle or as near to the bottom ofthe vessel as po
45、ssible, that is, below the liquid level. Liquidfalling, swirling, or splashing can invalidate data obtainedduring the filling phase.8.7 Power SupplyA stable grounded power supply, meet-ing the specification of the instrumentation, is required at theexamination site.8.8 Instrumentation SettingsSettin
46、gs will be determinedas described in Annex A2.9. Sensors9.1 Sensor MountingRefer to Practice E650 for additionalinformation on sensor mounting. Location and spacing of thesensors are discussed in 9.3. Sensors shall be placed indesignated locations with a couplant between the sensor andexamination ar
47、ticle. One recommended couplant is silicone-stopcock grease. Care must be exercised to assure that ad-equate couplant is applied. Sensors shall be held in placeutilizing methods of attachment which do not create extraneoussignals. Methods of attachment using crossed strips ofpressure-sensitive tape
48、or suitable adhesive systems, may beconsidered. Suitable adhesive systems are those whose bond-ing and acoustic coupling effectiveness have been demon-strated. The attachment method should provide support for thesignal cable (and preamplifier) to prevent the cable(s) fromstressing the sensor or pull
49、ing the sensor away from theexamination article causing loss of coupling.9.2 Surface ContactReliable coupling between the sensorand tank surface shall be assured and the surface of the vesselin contact with the sensor shall be clean and free of particulatematter. Sensors should be mounted directly on the tank surfaceunless integral waveguides shown by test to be satisfactory areused. Preparation of the contact surface shall be compatiblewith both sensor and structure modification requirements.Possible causes of signal loss are coatings such as
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