1、Designation: E 1074 06e1Standard Practice forMeasuring Net Benefits and Net Savings for Investments inBuildings and Building Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1074; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEFootnotes updated editorially in August 2007.INTRODUCTIONThe net benefits (NB) and net savings (NS) m
3、ethods are part of a family of economic evaluationmethods that provide measures of economic performance of an investment over some period of time.Included in this family of evaluation methods are life-cycle cost analysis, benefit-to-cost andsavings-to-investment ratios, internal rates of return, and
4、 payback analysis.The NB method calculates the difference between discounted benefits and discounted costs as ameasure of the cost effectiveness of a project. The NS method calculates the difference betweenlife-cycle costs as a measure of the cost-effectiveness of a project. The NB and NS methods ar
5、esometimes called the net present value method. The NB and NS methods are used to decide if a projectis cost effective (net benefits greater than zero, or net savings greater than zero), or which size, ordesign, competing for a given purpose is most cost effective (the one with the greatest net bene
6、fits, orthe one with the greatest net savings).1. Scope1.1 This practice covers a recommended procedure forcalculating and interpreting the net benefits (NB) and netsavings (NS) methods in the evaluation of building designs andsystems.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 631 Terminology of B
7、uilding ConstructionsE 833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE 917 Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildingsand Building SystemsE 964 Practice for Measuring Benefit-to-Cost and Savings-to-Investment Ratios for Buildings and Building SystemsE 1057 Practice for Measuring Internal Rate of Ret
8、urn andAdjusted Internal Rate of Return for Investments in Build-ings and Building SystemsE 1121 Practice for Measuring Payback for Investments inBuildings and Building SystemsE 1185 Guide for Selecting Economic Methods for Evalu-ating Investments in Buildings and Building SystemsE 1369 Guide for Se
9、lecting Techniques for Treating Uncer-tainty and Risk in the Economic Evaluation of Buildingsand Building SystemsE 1765 Practice for Applying Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) to Multiattribute Decision Analysis of InvestmentsRelated to Buildings and Building SystemsE 1946 Practice for Measuring Cos
10、t Risk of Buildings andBuilding SystemsE 2204 Guide for Summarizing the Economic Impacts ofBuilding-Related Projects2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Discount Factor Tables33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thispractice, refer to Terminologies E 631 and E 833.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Th
11、is practice is organized as follows:4.1.1 Section 2, Referenced DocumentsLists ASTM stan-dards referenced in this practice.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.81 onBuilding Economics.Current
12、edition approved April 1, 2006. Published April 2006. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E 1074 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume info
13、rmation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJE091703.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.1.2 Section 3, DefinitionsAddress
14、es definitions of termsused in this practice.4.1.3 Section 4, Summary of PracticeOutlines the con-tents of the practice.4.1.4 Section 5, Significance and UseExplains the appli-cation of the practice and how and when it should be used.4.1.5 Section 6, ProceduresSummarizes the steps in mak-ing NB (NS)
15、 analysis.4.1.6 Section 7, Compute NB (NS)Describes calculationprocedures for NB (NS).4.1.7 Section 8, Anaylsis of NB(NS) Results and theDecisionDiscusses the decision criterion and the treatmentof uncertainty, risk, and unqualified effects.4.1.8 Section 9, ApplicationsExplains circumstances un-der
16、which the NB (NS) method is appropriate.4.1.9 Section 10, ReportIdentifies information that shouldbe included in a report of a NB (NS) analysis.5. Significance and Use5.1 The NB (NS) method provides a measure of the eco-nomic performance of an investment, taking into account allrelevant monetary val
17、ues associated with that investment overthe investors study period. The NB (NS) measure can beexpressed in either present value or equivalent annual valueterms, taking into account the time value of money.5.2 The NB (NS) method is used to decide if a given projectis cost effective and which size or
18、design for a given purposeis most cost effective when no budget constraint exists.5.3 The NB (NS) method can also be used to determine themost cost effective combination of projects for a limitedbudget; that is, the combination of projects having the greatestaggregate NB (NS) and fitting within the
19、budget constraint.5.4 Use the NB method when the focus is on the benefitsrather than project costs.5.5 Use the NS method when the focus in on project savings(that is, reductions in project costs).6. Procedures6.1 The recommended steps for applying the NB (NS)method to an investment decision are summ
20、arized as follows:6.1.1 Make sure that the NB (NS) method is the appropriateeconomic measure (see Guide E 1185),6.1.2 Identify objectives, alternatives, and constraints,6.1.3 Establish assumptions,6.1.4 Compile data,6.1.5 Convert cash flows to a common time basis (discount-ing),6.1.6 Compute NB (NS)
21、4and compare alternatives, and6.1.7 Make final decision, based on NB (NS) results as wellas consideration of risk and uncertainty, unquantifiable effects,and funding constraints (if any).6.2 Since the steps mentioned in 6.1.2-6.1.5 are treated indetail in Practice E 917 and briefly in Practices E 96
22、4 andE 1121, they are not discussed in this practice. In calculatingNB (NS), these four steps should be followed exactly asdescribed in Practice E 917. The remainder of this practicefocuses on the computation, analysis, and application of theNB (NS) measure.7. NB (NS) Computation7.1 Computation of N
23、B for any given project requires theestimation, in dollar terms, of differences between benefits, anddifferences between costs, for that project relative to a mutuallyexclusive alternative. Computation of NS for any given projectrequires the estimation, in dollar terms, of the differencebetween life
24、-cycle costs for the project relative to a mutuallyexclusive alternative. The mutually exclusive alternative maybe a similar design/system of a different scale, a dissimilardesign/system for the same purpose, or the do nothing case.Denote the alternative under consideration as Ajand themutually excl
25、usive alternative to be used for purposes ofcomparison as Ak. Alternative Akis typically the do nothingcase or the project with the lowest first cost, which may or maynot be the same project. But the analyst can choose any of themutually exclusive alternatives as the base case against whichto compar
26、e alternatives. Benefits can include (but are notlimited to) revenue, productivity, functionality, durability, re-sale value, and tax advantages. Costs can include (but are notlimited to) initial investment, operation and maintenance (in-cluding energy consumption), repair and replacements, and taxl
27、iabilities.7.2 Eq 1 is used to compute the present value of net benefits(PVNBj:k) for the proposed project relative to its mutuallyexclusive alternative.PVNBj:k5(t50NBt2 Ct!/1 1 i!t(1)where:4The NIST Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLCC) Computer Program helps userscalculate measures of worth for building
28、s and building components that areconsistent with ASTM standards. The program is downloadable from: http:/www.eere.energy.gov/femp/information/download_blcc.cfm .TABLE 1 Calculation of Net BenefitsYear, t Benefits, Bt, dollars Costs, Ct, dollarsNet Cash FlowBt Ct, dollarsSPV FactorAfor i=15%PVNB, do
29、llars0 0 10 000 10 000 1.000 10 0001 4 000 3 000 +1 000 0.8696 +8702 11 500 4 500 +7 000 0.7561 +5 2933 10 000 4 000 +6 000 0.6575 +3 9454 8 000 5 000 +3 000 0.5718 +1 715Total 33 500 26 500 +7 000 +1 823ATo find the PVNB of the net cash flow for each discounting period, the single present value (SP
30、V) discount factor is multiplied times the net cash flow. For an explanationof discounting factors and how to use them, see Discount Factor Tables, adjunct to Practice E 9173.E 1074 06e12Bt= dollar value of benefits in period t for the building orsystem being evaluated, Aj, less the counterpartbenef
31、its in period t for the mutually exclusive alter-native against which it is being compared, Ak.Ct= dollar costs, including investment costs, in period tfor the building or system being evaluated, Aj, lessthe counterpart costs in period t for the mutuallyexclusive alternative against which it is bein
32、g com-pared, Ak.N = number of discounting time periods in the studyperiod, andi = the discount rate per time period.7.3 Use Eq 2 to convert the present value of net benefits toannual value terms, where N is the number of years in the studyperiod and i is the discount rate.AVNBj:k5 PVNBj:ki1 1 i!N!/1
33、 1 i!N2 1! (2)where AVNBj:k= annual value of net benefits.7.4 Use Eq 3 to compute the present value of net savings(PVNSj:k) for the proposed project, Aj, relative to its mutuallyexclusive alternative, Ak. The terms appearing in Eq 3 arebased on the life-cycle cost (LCC) method, Practice E 917.Subtra
34、ct from project costs in the year in which they occur anypure benefits (for example, increased rental income due toimprovements) in the LCC calculation.PVNSj:k5 LCCk LCCj(3)where:LCCj= the life-cycle costs of the alternative under consid-eration, Aj, andLCCk= the life-cycle costs of the mutually exc
35、lusivealternative, Ak.7.5 Use Eq 4 to convert the present value of net savings toannual value terms, where N is the number of years in the studyperiod and i is the discount rate.AVNSj:k5 PVNSj:ki 1 1 i!N!/1 1 i!N1!# (4)where:AVNSj:k= annual value of net savings.7.6 For a given problem and data set,
36、solutions in eitherpresent value or annual value terms will be time equivalentvalues (although different in actual dollar values) and willresult in the same investment or design decisions, providedannual values are calculated using Eq 2 for net benefits and Eq4 for net savings.7.7 A simple applicati
37、on of Eq 1 is presented in Table 1 foran initial investment of $10 000 that yields an uneven yearlycash flow over four years. (Implicitly, the mutually exclusivealternative is the do nothing case.) Assuming a discount rate of15 %, the discounted cash flows yield a PVNB of $1 823.(Note that the sum o
38、f net cash flows, $7 000, is a much largervalue, since it fails to account for the eroding value of moneyover time.) The larger the PVNB for a given project, the moreeconomically attractive it will be, other things being equal.7.8 To find the AVNB that is time equivalent to $1 823, useEq 2. The equi
39、valent AVNB is $639.8. Analysis of NB (NS) Results and the Decision8.1 Use the results of the NB (NS) computation to rankorder alternatives from highest to lowest NB (NS). Thealternative with the highest NB (NS) is the most cost effective.8.2 In the final investment decision, take into account noton
40、ly the numerical values of NB (NS), but also uncertainty ofinvestment alternatives relative to the risk attitudes of theinvestor, the availability of funding and other cash-flow con-straints, any unquantified effects attributable to the alternatives,and the possibility of noneconomic objectives. (Th
41、ese topicsare discussed in Section 10 of Practice E 917.)8.2.1 Decision makers typically experience uncertaintyabout the correct values to use in establishing basic assump-tions and in estimating future costs. Guide E 1369 recommendstechniques for treating uncertainty in parameter values in aneconom
42、ic evaluation. It also recommends techniques for evalu-ating the risk that a project will have a less favorable economicoutcome than what is desired or expected. Practice E 1946establishes a procedure for measuring cost risk for buildingsand building systems, using the Monte Carlo simulationtechniqu
43、e as described in Guide E 1369. Practice E 917 pro-vides direction on how to apply Monte Carlo simulation whenperforming economic evaluations of alternatives designed tomitigate the effects of natural and man-made hazards that occurinfrequently but have significant consequences. Practice E 917contai
44、ns a comprehensive example on the application of MonteCarlo simulation in evaluating the merits of alternative riskmitigation strategies for a prototypical data center.8.2.2 Describe any significant effects that remain unquanti-fied. Explain how these effects impact the recommendedalternative. Refer
45、 to Practice E 1765 for guidance on how topresent unquantified effects along with the computed values ofNB (NS) or any other measures of economic performance.9. Applications9.1 The NB (NS) measure indicates that a given project iscost effective if the PVNB (PVNS) is greater than zero. If thePVNB (PV
46、NS) is less than zero, then the project is not costeffective.9.2 How large an investment to make (that is, what is themost economically efficient scale) is generally answered withNB (NS) analysis. The size or scale of investment is increaseduntil the PVNB (PVNS) is maximized. Typical size or scaleex
47、amples from the building industry include (1) how large abuilding to construct, (2) how large a dam to construct, (3) howmuch insulation to put in a house, and (4) how many squarefeet of collector area to install in a solar energy system.9.3 Fig. 1 illustrates graphically how the NB method is usedto
48、 choose the economically efficient level of energy conserva-tion in a building (that is, where the PVNB is maximized).Conservation costs, in present value terms, are shown toincrease at an increasing rate as the physical quantity of inputsto conserve energy (Qi) is increased (for example, increasedi
49、nsulation). Conservation benefits (in present value terms), asmeasured by dollar energy savings, also increase with addi-tional inputs to energy conservation, but at a decreasing rate.E 1074 06e13The difference between these dollar conservation benefits andcosts at any given level of conservation inputs is the PVNB.The level of energy conservation where the PVNB is maxi-mized is Qe. Any smaller (Q1) or larger investments (Q2or Q3)than Qewould be economically inefficient, because the poten-tial PVNB (profit) is greatest at Qe(Note 1). Therefore, whenu
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