1、Designation: E 1155 96 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Test Method forDetermining FFFloor Flatness and FLFloor LevelnessNumbers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1155; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a
3、 quantitative method of mea-suring floor surface profiles to obtain estimates of the floorscharacteristic FFFlatness and FLLevelness Face Floor ProfileNumbers (F-Numbers) using the inch-pound system of units.NOTE 1A complete metric companion to Test Method E 1155 hasbeen developed, Test Method E 115
4、5M; therefore, no metric equivalentsare shown in this test method.1.2 The text of this test method references notes andfootnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes andfootnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not beconsidered as requirements of this test method.1.3 This sta
5、ndard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1
6、ASTM Standards:2E 1155M Test Method for Determining FFFloor Flatnessand FLFloor Levelness Numbers Metric2.2 ACI Standard:ACI 117-90 Standard Specifications for Tolerances for Con-crete Construction and Materials33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 elevationheight,
7、altitude, vertical location in space.Elevation measurements are always made parallel to thedirection of gravity.3.1.2 flateven, plane, homoloidal, free of undulation.3.1.2.1 DiscussionFor the purposes of this test method,flatness will be measured by calculating curvature value, q,between all 12-in.
8、reading points separated by 24 in. Thecurvature value is the difference between successive elevationdifferences. The mean and standard deviation of all thecurvature values for a given test section are then convertedaccording to the equations in this test method to get thedimensionless FFFlatness Num
9、ber.3.1.3 floor profilometera Type I device (see 6.1.1) thatproduces a continuous record of the elevation of a single pointmoving along a line on the floors surface.3.1.4 horizontallevel, normal to the direction of gravity.3.1.5 inclinometera Type II device (see 6.1.2) that mea-sures the angle betwe
10、en horizontal and the line joining the twopoints of contact with the floors surface.3.1.6 levelhorizontal, normal to the direction of gravity.3.1.6.1 DiscussionFor the purposes of this test method,levelness will be measured by collecting elevation differencesat points spaced 10 ft apart and that wil
11、l be described by the FLLevelness number (dimensionless).3.1.7 longitudinal differential floor profilometer, na TypeII device (see 6.1.2) that produces a continuous record of theelevation difference between two points moving along a line onthe floors surface, which two points remain separated by afi
12、xed distance.3.1.8 sample measurement linea sample measurementline shall consist of any straight line on the test surface alongwhich measurements are taken, with the limitations listed in7.3.3.1.9 sign conventionwhere up is the positive direction;down is the negative direction. Consequently, the hig
13、her thereading point, the more positive its hivalue, and the lower thereading point, the more negative its hivalue. Similarly, theelevation difference from a low point to a high point (that is, anuphill difference) is positive, while the elevation differencefrom a high point to a low point (that is,
14、 a downhill difference)is negative.3.1.10 test sectiona test section consists of any subdivi-sion of the test surface with the limitations listed in 7.2.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.2
15、1on Serviceability.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2008. Published January 2008. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E 1155 96 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annu
16、al Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.aci-int.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
17、Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.11 test surfaceon any one building level, the entirefloor area of interest constitutes the test surface, with thelimitations listed in 7.1.3.1.12 verticalparallel to the direction of gravity.3.2 Symbols:3.2.1 Aiarea of Test Section i.3.2.2 didifference
18、in elevation (in inches) between read-ing points Piand Pi1(i $ 1).3.2.3 FfFace FFFlatness Number (dimensionless).3.2.4 Fficomposite FFFlatness Number for Test Section i.3.2.5 FlFace FLLevelness Number (dimensionless).3.2.6 Flicomposite FLLevelness Number for Test Sectioni.3.2.7 hielevation (in inche
19、s) of Reading Point Pi(i $ 0).3.2.8 njnumber of reading points in Test Sample j (nj$12).3.2.9 Nminminimum number of 10-ft elevation differencereadings required per the test section.3.2.10 qiarithmetic difference (in inches) between eleva-tion differences diand di1(i $ 2).3.2.11 rxjnumber of readings
20、 of Variable xobtained fromSample j.3.2.12 sxjstandard deviation of Variable x in Sample j.3.2.13 Vxjvariance of Variable x in Sample j.3.2.14 zidifference in elevation (in inches) between Read-ing Points Piand Pi10(i $ 10).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Straight lines are marked at various locations
21、on thefloor surface. Point elevations are then measured at regular12-in. intervals along each line. The elevation differencesbetween all adjacent reading points are calculated, and astraight line approximation to the surface profile along eachmeasurement line is produced and evaluated for consistenc
22、ywith visual observation of the floor surface.4.2 The arithmetic differences between all adjacent 12-in.elevation differences and the elevation differences between allpoints separated 10 ft are then calculated. Estimates of eachtest sections floors FFFlatness and FLLevelness F-Numbersare obtained th
23、rough statistical analyses of these calculatedprofile values. Finally, the F-Numbers for each test section arecombined to arrive at a composite set of F-Numbers for eachtest surface.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides statistical (and graphical)information concerning floor surface p
24、rofiles.5.2 Results of this test method are used primarily to:5.2.1 Establish compliance of randomly trafficked floorsurfaces with specified FFFlatness and FLLevelness toler-ances,5.2.2 Evaluate the effect of different construction methodson resulting floor surface flatness and levelness, and5.2.3 I
25、nvestigate the curling and deflection of floor surfaces.5.3 Results of this test method shall not be used to enforcecontract flatness and levelness tolerances on those floor instal-lations primarily intended to support the operation of fixed-path vehicle systems (for example, narrow aisle warehousef
26、loors).NOTE 2When the traffic patterns across a floor are random, (as isgenerally the case) evaluation of the floors FFFlatness and FLLevelnesswill necessarily involve a random sampling of the surface, since all of theinfinite potential profiles to be seen by the traffic can not possibly bemeasured.
27、 In those instances when the traffic across a floor will beconfined to specific paths, however, the requirement for random samplingis eliminated, since the floor can indeed be inspected exactly as it will beseen by all of the traffic. In these special cases, rather than inferring thecondition of the
28、 traffic paths from a random sample, it is far more usefulto measure each of the traffic paths directly using continuous recordingfloor profilometer configured to run exactly in the traffic wheel paths. Suchdirect simulation measurements eliminate the inherent uncertainties ofstatistical sampling an
29、d provide profile information immediately appli-cable to the correction of the surface in way of the future traffic.6. Apparatus6.1 Point Elevation Measurement Device:6.1.1 Type I ApparatusIf a Type II apparatus (see 6.1.2)isnot used for this test, then an apparatus capable of measuringthe elevation
30、s of a series of points spaced at regular 12-in.intervals along a straight line on the floor surface shall be used.Examples of satisfactory Type I point elevation measurementdevices include, but are not limited to the following:6.1.1.1 Leveled Straightedge, with gage (for example, tri-square, dial i
31、ndicator, etc.) to measure vertical distance fromthe upper straightedge surface to floor.6.1.1.2 Leveled Straightedge, with graduated wedges orshims to measure vertical distance from lower straightedgesurface to floor.6.1.1.3 Optical Level, with vernier or scaled target.6.1.1.4 Laser Level, with ver
32、nier or scaled target.6.1.1.5 Taut Level Wire, with gage to measure verticaldistance from wire to floor.6.1.1.6 Floor Profilometer.6.1.2 Type II ApparatusIf a Type I apparatus (see 6.1.1)isnot used for this test, then an apparatus capable of measuringthe elevations of a series of points spaced at re
33、gular 12-in.intervals along a straight line on the floor surface shall be used.Examples of satisfactory Type II point elevation measurementdevices include, but are not limited to the following:6.1.2.1 Inclinometer, having 12-in. contact point spacing.6.1.2.2 Longitudinal Differential Floor Profilome
34、ter, having12-in. sensor wheel spacing.6.2 Ancillary Equipment:6.2.1 Measurement Tape, graduated in feet.6.2.2 Chalk Line (or other means for marking straight lineson the test surface).6.2.3 Data Recording MeansThis procedure requires therecording of both verbal and numeric information. Examples ofs
35、atisfactory data recording means include, but are not limitedto the following:6.2.3.1 Manual Data Sheet.6.2.3.2 Magnetic Tape Recorder, (voice or direct input).6.2.3.3 Paper Chart Recorder.6.2.3.4 Direct Computer Input.NOTE 3Since the bias of the results obtained with this test methodwill vary direc
36、tly with the accuracy of the particular measurement deviceemployed, all project participants should agree on the exact test apparatusto be used prior to the application of this test method for contractspecification enforcement.E 1155 96 (2008)27. Organization of Test Area7.1 Test SurfaceOn any one b
37、uilding level, the entire floorarea of interest shall constitute the test surface.7.1.1 When this test method is used to establish complianceof randomly trafficked floor surfaces with specified FFFlatnessand FLLevelness tolerances, each portion of the surface whichhas a unique specified set of toler
38、ances must be treated as aseparate surface.7.2 Test SectionA test section shall consist of any subdi-vision of a test surface satisfying the following criteria:7.2.1 No test section shall measure less than 8 ft on a side,nor comprise an area less than 320 ft2.7.2.2 No portion of the test surface sha
39、ll be associated withmore than one test section.7.2.3 When testing a concrete floor, no test section boundaryshall cross any construction joint.7.3 Sample Measurement LineA sample measurementline shall consist of any straight line on the test surfacesatisfying the following criteria:7.3.1 No sample
40、measurement line shall measure less than11 ft in length.7.3.2 No portion of any sample measurement line shall fallwithin 2 ft of any slab boundary, construction joint, isolationjoint, block-out, penetration, or other similar discontinuity.7.3.2.1 ExceptionShrinkage crack control joints formedeither
41、by partial depth sawcuts or by partial depth inserts shallbe ignored.7.3.2.2 ExceptionIf the area to be excluded from mea-surement exceeds 25 % of the test section area, then the 2-ftboundary exclusion shall not apply.7.3.3 Measurement lines may not be placed parallel to eachother closer than 4 ft.7
42、.4 Type I Test Sample (Measured With Type IApparatus)AType I test sample shall consist of not less thantwelve sequential point elevation measurements made at regu-lar 12-in. intervals along a single sample measurement line.7.5 Type II Test Sample (Measured With Type IIApparatus)A Type II test sample
43、 shall consist of not lessthan eleven sequential measurements of the elevation differ-ences between adjacent reading points spaced at regular 12-in.intervals along a single sample measurement line.7.6 Minimum Number of ziReadings Per Test SectionThenumber (or length) of Type I or Type II test sample
44、s to becollected within each test section shall be sufficient to yield (inaggregate) not less than Nminindividual measurements of zi,where Nminis calculated as follows:Nmin5 2=A 320#A#1600! (1)5 A/30 A . 1600!where:A = test section area, ft2.7.7 Construction JointsWhere construction joints are re-qu
45、ired to be measured, periodic measurements of the 24-in.curvature qishall be taken, transverse to and centered on theconstruction joint. At least one qimeasurement shall be takenon each straight section of joint, with a maximum intervalbetween measurement locations not to exceed 10 ft. Thesemeasurem
46、ent locations shall be recorded.NOTE 4Since construction joints are a discontinuity in the floorsurface, measuring across them would introduce statistical anomalies intothis test method. Construction joints are therefore excluded from thegeneration of F-Number statistics. However, since traffic will
47、 neverthelesspass across many of the construction joints, a separate measurement andanalysis of the joints may be required in order to provide a quantitativemeasure of the roughness of the joints themselves. Some joints may neversee traffic, for example, those along a wall. The particular joints req
48、uiredto be analyzed may be specified in contract specifications, along with amaximum allowable value for qi.8. Procedure8.1 Record the name and location of the subject building;the installation date of the subject floor; the subject floorsspecified Ffand Flvalues; the make, model, and serial numbero
49、f the test apparatus to be used; the date of the test; and thename of the individual making the test.NOTE 5When this test is used to evaluate the compliance of a newconcrete floor with contract flatness and levelness specifications, thetimeliness of the test vis-a-vis the date of the floors installation is ofcritical importance. Since most concrete floors will change shape signifi-cantly within a few days after installation, owing to inevitable shrinkageand deflection, the American Concrete Institute (see ACI 117-90) nowreq
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