1、Designation: E1160 87 (Reapproved 2007)E1160 13Standard Guide forOn-Site Inspection and Verification of Operation of SolarDomestic Hot Water Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1160; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers procedures and test methods for conducting an on-site inspectio
3、n and acceptance test of an installeddomestic hot water system (DHW) using flat plate, concentrating-type collectors or tank absorber systems.1.2 It is intended as a simple and economical acceptance test to be performed by the system installer or an independent testerto verify that critical componen
4、ts of the system are functioning and to acquire baseline data reflecting overall short term systemheat output.1.3 This guide is not intended to generate accurate measurements of system performance (see ASHRAE standard 95-1981 fora laboratory test) or thermal efficiency.1.4 The values stated in SI un
5、its are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
6、practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E823 Practice for Nonoperational Exposure and Inspection of a Solar Collector (Withdrawn 2010)3E904 Practice for Generating All-Day Thermal Performance Data for Solar Collectors
7、E1056 Practice for Installation and Service of Solar Domestic Water Heating Systems for One- and Two-Family Dwellings2.2 ASHRAE Standards:93-1986 (ANSI B198.1-1977) Method of Testing to Determine the Thermal Performance of Solar Collectors495-1981 Method of Testing to Determine the Thermal Performan
8、ce of Domestic Water Heating System42.3 NIST Standard:76-1137 Thermal Data Requirements and Performance Evaluation Procedures for the National Solar Heating and CoolingDemonstration Program52.4 ISO Standard:69806 Test Methods for Solar Collectors3. Summary of Guide3.1 This guide recommends inspectio
9、n procedures and tests for: general system inspection, collector efficiency, freezeprotection, and controller and pump/blower operation.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E44 on Solar, Geothermal and OtherAlternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility of Subcommitte
10、eE44.05 on Solar Heating and Cooling Systems and Materials.Current edition approved March 1, 2007Nov. 1, 2013. Published April 2007December 2013. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 20012007as E1160-87(2001).E1160-87(2007). DOI: 10.1520/E1160-87R07.10.1520/E1160-13.2 For r
11、eferencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is reference
12、d on www.astm.org.4 Available from ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Altanta, GA 30329.5 Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.6 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.
13、org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior
14、 editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.1 Verification of satisfactory operation
15、 of these components indicates that the system is functioning. Tests are designed totake a minimum of time in preparation, testing and restoration of the system. They may use relatively inexpensive, nonintrusiveinstrumentation which system installers can reasonably be expected to have on hand.3.2 Re
16、commended tests for each component or subsystem fall into categories according to the level of complexity and cost(Note 1).3.2.1 Category AThe most rudimentary tests, such as visual inspection.3.2.2 Category BTests that require minimal instrumentation and skill.3.2.3 Category CTests that require mos
17、t expensive or sophisticated instrumentation or more time to perform.NOTE 1Category B tests should include Category A tests as prerequisite, etc.3.2.4 Selection of the appropriate test is at the discretion of the tester and purchaser, who should be aware of the tradeoffsbetween cost and accuracy at
18、each level of testing. The tester should make these clearly known to the purchaser of the system whomay wish to assume the costs of more sophisticated testing (Note 2). Preferably there should be a part of the installation contractbetween the tester and purchaser spelling out test specifics (for exa
19、mple, Category A, B or C for each subtest).NOTE 2Consult your local National Balancing Bureau or Associated Air Balance Council.3.3 Instrumentation includes sensors to monitor some or all of the following conditions:3.3.1 Total incident solar radiation (in the plane of the collector array),3.3.2 Out
20、door ambient temperature,3.3.3 Internal building temperature near storage system,3.3.4 Collector loop flow rate and temperatures, and3.3.5 Storage temperature.3.3.6 Each system should be instrumented to the practical level required for calculation (see NIST standard 76-1137 for anothermethod to inst
21、rument and evaluate solar systems). Some sites may need additional instrumentation as a result of their uniquerequirements. Fig. 1 shows a typical closed loop system with the instrumentation required for the various tests.3.4 The various types of available instrumentation are listed in Tables 1-4. A
22、pproximate cost ranges, accuracy and applicationinformation are given. Most of the necessary instruments are presently used in conventional heating and air conditioning workexcept the pyranometer or solar radiation flux-measuring instruments.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended for on-s
23、ite assessment of in-service operation by short term measurement of appropriate systemfunctions under representative operating conditions.4.2 Primary application is for residential systems and medium-size multi-family units or commercial buildings. Use of back-upconventional DHW heating system is as
24、sumed to augment solar heating.FIG. 1 Closed Loop SystemOne TankE1160 1324.3 This guide is intended for use by suppliers, installers, consultants and homeowners in evaluating on-site operation of aninstalled system. Emphasis is placed on simplified measurements that do not require special skills, in
25、trusive instrumentation,system modification or interruption of service to the purchaser.4.4 The purpose of this guide is to verify that the system is functioning. Copies of all data and reports must be submitted bythe testing group to the owner or his or her designated agent.4.5 Data and reports fro
26、m these procedures and tests may be used to compare the system performance over time, but shouldnot be used to compare different systems or installations.4.6 Test is for a newly installed system and also for periodic checking.5. Procedures5.1 Preparation:5.1.1 Install and operate components and cont
27、rols in accordance with manufacturers instructions.TABLE 1 Solar Radiation ProbesType of Sensor ApproximateCost (dollars) Accuracy Type of Output Special CommentsPyranometer 150 to 1000 13 % of instantaneousvalueAnalog electrical millivoltoutput, may need amplifierMounting point must beunshaded; som
28、e modelsincrease error increase errorby tiltingIntegrating pyranometer 150 to 1000 5 % of integrated value Mechanical totalizer (andanalog electrical on somemodels)Some models provideinstantaneous readingPhotovoltaic solar cell 25 to 150 5 % of instantaneousvalueAnalog Drift or degradation overlong
29、periodsTABLE 2 Thermal SensorsType of Sensor ApproximateCost (dollars) Accuracy Convenience Type of Output Special CommentsBimetalicthermometer25 to 50 High; 1 % or less offull scaleGood, when installed correctly Visual Not reliable for differential temperatures,time lag present; clip on type availa
30、bleBi-metallicthermometer25 to 50 High; 1 % or less offull scaleGood, when installed correctly Visual Not reliable for differential temperatures,time lag present; clip on type availableBulb typethermometer25 High Difficult to read because ofsmall scaleVisual Very fragileDigital thermometer 100 + Dep
31、ends on type ofprobe(s), typically0.5C (1F)Excellent, one indicator canserve several locations (probes)Visual (digital) Probes typically cost $50Thermocouple 25 to 30 Fair, 1C (2F) Excellent when coupled withindicatorAnalog (electrical) Not reliable for measuring temperaturedifferences; requires spe
32、cial wire forinstallationResistancetemperaturedetectors (HTD)60 High 0.25C (0.5F) orbetterExcellent when coupled withindicatorAnalog (electrical) Especially suited for measuringtemperature differencesThermistors 1 to 30 Good, 0.5C (1F) Excellent when coupled withindicatorAnalog (electrical) Not avai
33、lable in proper housing; can bedamagedTapes 2 to 3 Fair, 13C (25F)stepsExcellent, reusable Visual InexpensiveTABLE 3 Liquid Flow Sensors and IndicatorsType of Sensor ApproximateCost (dollars) Accuracy Convenience Type of OutputPressure gages 50 Strictly a flow indicator Low VisualFloat type 30 Fair,
34、 + 5 % full scale accuracy Moderate VisualTABLE 4 Air FlowmetersType of Sensor ApproximateCost (dollars)A Accuracy Type of Output Special CommentsHot wire anemometer 600 to 1000 Moderate, 2 % of full scale;recalibration necessaryAnalog (electrical) Some models easily damaged by debris and improperha
35、ndling; must be properly located in order to determinemean flowTurbine 300 Good, 1 % of flow Analog (electrical) Must be properly located in order to determine mean flowPitot tube 300 Fair, 1 to 5 % Visual or analog (electrical) Standard for measuring duct velocitiesAIncludes readout device or trans
36、mitter.E1160 1335.1.2 Use temporary portable instrumentation or any permanent instruments installed for continuous monitoring to evaluatesystem performance as long as accuracy is 62 % of full scale and reproducibility is 5 % and instrumentation is installed properlyin accordance with manufacturers i
37、nstruction.5.1.3 Operate the system in a normal and satisfactory manner for several days before the on-site performance test. Operate theentire system at a nearly steady-state condition for at least a 2-h period before testing. Conduct tests for collector effectivenessunder clear, sunny conditions.5
38、.2 General Inspection:5.2.1 The ability to perform as intended for the specified period of time defines system durability and reliability. Systemperformance depends on the proper operation of each of the subsystems. The manual containing drawings, specifications, andengineering data shall serve as a
39、 benchmark for the inspection.5.2.2 The following components should be inspected for proper installation (see Practice E1056) and operation to check for anymalfunctions, leaks or improper adjustments. See Ref (1) for an Installation Checklist.5.2.2.1 Collectors and connections,5.2.2.2 Controls and s
40、ensors,5.2.2.3 Insulation,5.2.2.4 Interconnectionsmechanical and electrical,5.2.2.5 Pumps and motors,5.2.2.6 Valves and fittings,5.2.2.7 Storage containers and media,5.2.2.8 Heat exchangers,5.2.2.9 Dampers and ducting,5.2.2.10 Air or liquid systems leaks,5.2.2.11 Interrelated support systems, includ
41、ing other air handlers, chillers, heaters, or heat pumps, and5.2.2.12 Fans and air handlers.5.2.3 Most of the failures reported have been in the collector subsystem and connections and controls with considerably fewerfailures reported for valves and pump subsystems. There has been a high incidence o
42、f improper system operation due to controlsimproperly connected or adjusted.5.2.4 A visual inspection should be made of all connections (see Practice E1056, 6.7.6) to check for evidence of leaks orpotential future corrosion due to improper use of materials (Practice E1056, 6.7.2), improper joining o
43、f dissimilar metals (PracticeE1056, 6.7.14), or improper fluids (Practice E1056, 6.5). See Ref (2) for a leak check on air systems. A pressure check on liquidsystems should be done to see if it meets manufacturers recommendations.5.2.5 Check pumps for noise (most pumps are very quiet). Noisy fluid f
44、low almost always indicates a bad pump, cavitation orair in the system and is symptomatic of further problems. In an open or drainback system noisy fluid flow will occur if there iswater loss due to leakage. If a pump problem is suspected, one way to determine if the pump is seized or has other elec
45、tricalproblems is to touch the assembly to see if it is hotter than the fluid circulating through it. Also any burning odors may indicateelectrical problems.5.3 Collector Operation and Effectiveness (See Practice E823, PracticeISO E9049806, and ASHRAE Standard 93-1986 forother tests). Table 5 gives
46、the typical operating ranges of the test parameters for various collector system configurations.TABLE 5 Parameters of Solar Domestic Hot Water SystemsSystem Type Flow Rate, cm3/m2s(gal/minft2)TemperatureRise, On, C (F)TemperatureRise, Off,C (F)SpecificHeat, Ws/gC (Btu/lbF)Density, g/cm3 (lb/gal)Sola
47、r Radia-tion, Mini-mum, W/m2 (Btu/hft2)Flat Plate:draindown 727 (0.010.04) 511 (1020) 0.53 (15) 4.2 (1.0) 1 (8.258.33) 630 (200)drainback 727 (0.010.04) 511 (1020) 0.53 (15) 4.2 (1.0) 1 (8.258.33) 630 (200)closed loop 727 (0.010.04) 511 (1020) 0.53 (15) 3.35 (0.8) 1 (8.258.33) 630 (200)thermosyphon
48、. . . 4.2 (1.0) 1 (8.258.33) 630 (200). .Air 25 L/m2s (5 ft3/minft2) 1122 (2040) 0.511 (120) 0.8 (0.2) 0.005 (0.29) 630 (200)Tank Absorber 14 (0.02) . . 4.2 (1.0) 1 (8.258.33) 630 (200). .Concentrating Type:parabolic trough 14 (0.02) 511 (1020) 0.53 (15) 3.35 (0.8) 1 (8.258.33) 630 (200)evacuated tu
49、be 7 (0.01) 1722 (3040) 0.53 (15) 3.35 (0.8) 1 (8.258.33) 630 (200)E1160 1346. Test Level AVisual Inspection6.1 ProcedureTurn on system, observe the pump or blower comes on with sunshine available.Temperature on return line fromcollector should be slightly warmer (about 5C (10F) than the supply line to the collector. This can be determined by feel or bytemperature gages (see Table 2) if installed. The return temperature should also show a gradual increase during daylight hours (willfluctuate depend
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