1、Designation: E 1190 95 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Test Methods forStrength of Power-Actuated Fasteners Installed in StructuralMembers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1190; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods describe procedures for determiningthe static axial tensile and shear streng
3、ths of power-actuatedfasteners installed in structural members made of concrete,concrete masonry, and steel.1.2 These test methods are intended for use with fastenersthat are installed perpendicular to a plane surface of thestructural member.1.3 Tests for combined tension and shear, fatigue, dynamic
4、,and torsional load resistance are not covered.1.4 The values stated in metric (SI) units are to be regardedas standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are forinformation only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresp
5、onsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazardstatements are given in Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E4 Practices for Force Verification of Te
6、sting MachinesE 171 Specification for Atmospheres for Conditioning andTesting Flexible Barrier MaterialsE 575 Practice for Reporting Data from Structural Tests ofBuilding Constructions, Elements, Connections, and As-sembliesE 631 Terminology of Building Constructions2.2 ANSI Standard:ANSI A10.3 Safe
7、ty Requirements for Powder-ActuatedFastening Systems33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of general terms may be found in Terminol-ogy E 631.3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 powder-actuated fastening systema system that usesexplosive powder to embed the fastener in structural elem
8、ents.3.2.2 power-actuated fastening systema system that usesexplosive powder, gas combustion, or compressed air or othergas to embed the fastener in structural elements.3.2.3 drive pina nail-like metal fastener designed toattach one material to another.3.2.4 threaded studa round metal-wire fastener,
9、 with apointed shank at one end and threads along the other end,designed to be used as a removable fastening or in conjunctionwith a threaded coupler.3.2.5 structural memberan element of a structural systemsuch as a beam, column, or truss.3.2.6 static loada load or series of loads that are sup-porte
10、d by or are applied to a structure so gradually that forcescaused by change in momentum of the load and structuralelements are negligible and all parts of the system at anyinstant are essentially in equilibrium.3.2.7 tensile testa test in which a fastener is loaded axiallyin tension at a specified r
11、ate.3.2.8 shear testa test in which a force is applied perpen-dicularly to the axis of the fastener and parallel to the surfaceof the structural member.3.2.9 fastener spacing, sthe distance between the longi-tudinal axes of two fasteners in the same plane. Also, distancebetween longitudinal axis of
12、fastener and nearest edge oftest-system supports (see s in Fig. 1).3.2.10 edge distance, cthe distance from the longitudinalaxis (center) of a fastener to the nearest edge of the structuralmember in which it is installed.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerforma
13、nce of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.13on Structural Performance of Connections in Building Construction.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E 1190 95 (2000)e1.2For refer
14、enced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43r
15、d St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.11 embedment depth, hefthe distance from the surfaceof the structural member to the installed end of the fastenerincluding it
16、s point, if any.3.2.12 displacementmovement of a fastener relative tothe structural member. In tensile tests, displacement is mea-sured along the axis of the fastener; in shear tests it is measuredin the direction of the applied load perpendicular to the axis ofthe fastener.4. Significance and Use4.
17、1 These test methods are intended to measure the anchor-ing capability and shear resistance of power-actuated fastenersto provide information from which applicable design values areto be derived for use in structural applications, such as inmembers of concrete, concrete masonry, and steel.5. Apparat
18、us5.1 EquipmentAny system suitable for applying tensileand shear forces shall be used, provided the requirements forrate of loading in 9.4 are met, and the instrumentation iscapable of measuring the forces to an accuracy within 6 2%of the applied force, when calibrated in accordance withPractices E4
19、. The device shall be of sufficient capacity toprevent yielding of its various components and shall ensurethat the applied tensile forces remain parallel to the axes of thefasteners and that the applied shear forces remain parallel to thesurface of the structural member during testing. Load cellssha
20、ll be used for laboratory testing. If pressure gages are usedfor field testing, they shall be calibrated immediately prior touse.5.1.1 Tensile TestA system suitable for applying tensileforces is shown in Fig. 1 for a single fastener specimen. Thetest system supports shall be of sufficient size to pr
21、event failureof the surrounding structural member. The loading rod shall beof a size to develop the ultimate strength of the fastenerhardware with minimal elongation and shall be attached to thefastener by means of a connector that will minimize the directtransfer of bending forces through the conne
22、ction. Whendisplacements are measured, dial gages or a linear variabledifferential transformer (LVDT) shall be mounted in a mannerso as to ensure accurate displacement measurement.5.1.2 Shear Test:5.1.2.1 Asystem suitable for applying shear forces is shownin Fig. 2. for a single fastener specimen. T
23、he components of thetest fixture shall be of sufficient size and strength to preventyielding during application of the ultimate test load. The testsystem support shall be of sufficient size to prevent local failureof the structural member in the bearing contact area. Whendisplacements are measured,
24、dial gages or a linear variabledifferential transformer (LVDT) shall be mounted in a mannerso as to ensure accurate displacement measurement.5.1.2.2 The thickness of the shear fixture in the immediatevicinity of the test fastener shall be approximately equal to thefastener diameter at the point of i
25、ntersection of the fastener andthe base material unless otherwise specified. The hole in theshear fixture designed to accommodate the fastener shall havea diameter that is 0.5 6 0.1 mm (0.020 6 0.004 in.) greaterthan that of the fastener tested. The initial shape of the hole inthe shear fixture shal
26、l correspond to that of the fastener crosssection and shall be maintained throughout all tests. Worn ordeformed holes shall be repaired. When required, insert sleevesshall be installed in the shear plate to meet these requirements,provided they do not increase deformation of the anchorageunder load.
27、FIG. 1 Typical Static Tension Test ArrangementE 1190 95 (2007)25.2 Optional Displacement Measurements Displacementor deformation measurements are not required to derive designdata for a given fastening system.5.2.1 Tension Test (see Fig. 1)Dial gages, having asmallest division of not more than 0.025
28、 mm (0.001 in.), or anysuitable measurement devices or calibrated sensors of at leastcomparable accuracy and sensitivity, such as an LVDT, shall beused to measure displacement of the fastening system relativeto the structural member. The instruments shall be positionedto measure the vertical movemen
29、t of the fastener with respectto points on the structural member, at a minimum distance of40 mm (1.6 in.) from the center of the test fastener. Theinstruments shall be mounted on the fastener specimen orloading rod at a distance not more than 100 mm (4.0 in.) fromthe structural member surface, in or
30、der to minimize extraneousmovements (hardware elongation) in the displacement mea-surements.5.2.2 Tests of a Group of Fasteners Only one set ofinstruments is required for a group of fasteners tested as aclosely spaced cluster. The displacement to be used for theevaluation of the findings is the aver
31、age deformation indicatedby all instruments mounted symmetrically equidistant from thecenter of the cluster.5.2.3 Shear Test (see Fig. 2)A single dial gage, having asmallest division of not more than 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) or anysuitable measurement device, such as an LVDT, or calibratedsensor of at l
32、east comparable accuracy and sensitivity shall beused to measure the displacement of the fastening systemrelative to the structural member. The instrument shall bepositioned to measure displacement in the direction of theapplied force. The displacement sensor shall be placed on thestructural member
33、to allow the sensing element to be in directcontact with the fastener or be attached directly to the fastener.For tests on clusters of fasteners, the instrument shall lie in aplane through the axis of the shear loading rod or plate. Anextension of the axis of the shear fixture shall pass through the
34、centroid of the cluster of fasteners.6. Hazards6.1 Take precaution to ensure that people are not injured andthat test equipment, instrumentation, and the building, itscomponents, and its finish are not damaged prior to, during, orafter load application, by any unexpected release of potentialstrain e
35、nergy accumulated during testing.6.2 All operators of powder-actuated tools used for theinstallation of test specimens shall be licensed by the manu-facturer. Operators shall comply with ANSI Standard A 10.3requirements and local safety requirements.7. Test Specimens7.1 Fastening SystemThe fastening
36、 system shall be rep-resentative of the type and lot to be used in field constructionand shall include all accessory hardware normally required.7.2 Fastener InstallationThe fasteners shall be installedusing the manufacturers installation instructions and tools or,where specific deviation is justifie
37、d, in accordance with ac-cepted field methods or to meet the requirements of the tests.7.3 Fastener PlacementAll fasteners (types, sizes, em-bedment depths) to be used in a given installation shall eitherbe tested individually or in groups of two or more at theintended spacing. Fasteners shall be in
38、stalled at distances equalto or greater than those specified in Table 1 to precludeinfluences from adjacent fasteners or edges during testing.These distances are not to be considered minimum distances.Tests shall be performed to determine minimum spacing andedge distances.7.4 Structural MemberThe st
39、ructural member in whichthe fastener is to be installed shall be representative of theFIG. 2 Typical Static Shear Test ArrangementE 1190 95 (2007)3materials and configuration intended for field use. Concrete ormasonry structural members do not have to be reinforced withsteel (Note 1).NOTE 1The locat
40、ion and orientation of reinforcement embedded inconcrete and masonry members may influence fastener capacity. Theirinfluence shall be evaluated if reinforcement is used.7.5 The concrete or masonry structural member thickness,T, shall be sufficient to ensure that the installation and testingof the fa
41、stener will not crack or cause any other failure of thebase material.7.6 The length, L, and width, W, of concrete structuralmembers shall ensure that no shear breakout or tension failurespall intersects either the outside edges of the structuralmember or the bearing contact points of the test frame.
42、7.7 The edge distance, c, shall be as in Table 1 where thereaction bridge in the shear test set-up shown in Fig. 2 providesa minimum 150-mm (5.9-in.) clearance along the edge of theconcrete structural member and a minimum 50-mm (2.0-in.)clearance along the edge of a steel structural member (notshown
43、). A shear reaction bridge is not required when concreteedge distances exceed 150 mm or steel edge distances exceed50 mm.7.8 When testing fasteners installed in horizontal mortarjoints, the masonry wall shall be treated as a completestructural member. The minimum edge distances and spacinglisted in
44、Table 1 for concrete structural members do not applyto masonry walls. Fasteners shall be installed in masonry wallsusing the manufacturers installation instructions or in accor-dance with accepted field methods.8. Number of Tests8.1 Tensile or Shear ResistanceFor determining the aver-age tensile or
45、shear resistance, perform at least the minimumnumber of tests per condition specified in Table 2. Dependingon the purpose of the test, the number of tests shall beincreased. These tests shall be repeated for each variation infastener type, size, embedment depth, location, and for eachvariation in th
46、e type or strength of structural member. Alter-natively, if the sample size is ten and the coefficient of variationis 15 % or greater, the fastener capacity shall be based on thelowest test value for the original ten tests instead of increasingthe sample size.8.2 All installed fasteners shall be tes
47、ted regardless offastener embedment, angle of installation, damage to thestructural member, or damage to the fastener. Fasteners thatcannot be tested, because they did not set at all, that is were notinstalled properly, shall be reported as invalid data points.Invalid data points shall not be includ
48、ed when determining theaverage ultimate test values.8.3 For developing minimum edge distances and fastenerspacings, the number of fasteners for each condition shall be atleast ten.9. Procedure9.1 Positioning of Loading System:9.1.1 Tension TestPosition the loading system over thefastener, such as sh
49、own in Fig. 1, in such a way that the testsystem supports are equidistant from the test fastener andspaced sufficiently apart as not to influence the test findings.The failure plane of the fastening system shall not interact withthe test system supports. Provide uniform contact between thesurface of the structural member and the test system supports.Position and attach the loading rod so that the load is appliedthrough the center of a single fastener, as shown in Fig. 1,orthrough the centroid of a cluster of fasteners. Whenever aloading plate is required
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