1、Designation: E 1191 03aStandard Guide forConducting Life-Cycle Toxicity Tests with Saltwater Mysids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1191; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes procedures for obtaining laboratorydata concerning the adverse effects of a test material added todilution
3、water, but not to food, on certain species of saltwatermysids during continuous exposure from immediately afterbirth until after the beginning of reproduction using theflow-through technique. These procedures will probably beuseful for conducting life-cycle toxicity tests with other speciesof mysids
4、, although modifications might be necessary.1.2 Other modifications of these procedures might be justi-fied by special needs or circumstances. Although using appro-priate procedures is more important than following prescribedprocedures, results of tests conducted using unusual proceduresare not like
5、ly to be comparable to results of many other tests.Comparison of results obtained using modified and unmodifiedversions of these procedures might provide useful informationon new concepts and procedures for conducting life-cycletoxicity tests with saltwater mysids.1.3 These procedures are applicable
6、 to all chemicals, eitherindividually or in formulations, commercial products, orknown mixtures, that can be measured accurately at thenecessary concentrations in water. With appropriate modifica-tions, these procedures can be used to conduct tests ontemperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH and on such
7、 materialsas aqueous effluents (see also Guide E 1192), leachates, oils,particulate matter, sediments, and surface waters.1.4 This guide is arranged as follows:SectionReferenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Guide 4Significance and Use 5HazardsApparatus 6Facilities 6.1Construction Materials 6.2
8、Metering System 6.3Test Chambers 6.4CleaningAcceptabilityDilution Water 8Requirements 8.1Source 8.2Treatment 8.3Characterization 8.4Test Material 9GeneralStock Solution 9.2Test Concentration(s) 9.3Test Organisms 10Species 10.1Age 10.2Source 10.3Brood Stock 10.4Food 10.5Handling 10.6Harvesting Young
9、10.7Quality 10.8Procedure 11Experimental Design 11.1Dissolved Oxygen 11.2Temperature 11.3Beginning the Test 11.4Feeding 11.5Cleaning 11.6Duration of Test 11.7Biological Data 11.8Other Measurements 11.9Analytical Methodology 12Acceptability of Test 13Calculation 14Documentation 15Keywords 16AppendixX
10、1. Statistical Guidance1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior
11、 to use. Specific hazardstatements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 380 Practice for Use of the International System of Units(SI) (the Modernized Metric System)E 729 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests withFishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians1This guide
12、 is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on BiologicalEffects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE47.01 on Aquatic Assessment and Toxicology.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2003. Published November 2003. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition a
13、pproved in 1997 as E 1191 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 1
14、00 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E 943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and En-vironmental FateE 1023 Guide for Assessing the Hazard of a Material toAquatic Organisms and Their UsesE 1192 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests onAqueous
15、Effluents with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, andAmphibiansE 1203 Practice for Using Brine Shrimp Nauplii as Food forTest Animals in Aquatic Toxicology3. Terminology3.1 The words “must,” “should,”“ may,” “can,” and “might”have very specific meanings in this guide.3.1.1 “Must” is used to express an abso
16、lute requirement,that is, to state that the test ought to be designed to satisfy thespecified condition, unless the purpose of the test requires adifferent design. “Must” is only used in connection with factorsthat directly relate to the acceptability of the test (see 13.1).3.1.2 “Should” is used to
17、 state that the specified condition isrecommended and ought to be met if possible. Althoughviolation of one “should” is rarely a serious matter, violation ofseveral will often render the results questionable. Terms suchas “is desirable,” “is often desirable,” and “might be desirable”are used in conn
18、ection with less important factors.3.1.3 “May” is used to mean “is (are) allowed to,” “can” isused to mean “is (are) able to,” and “might” is used to mean“could possibly.” Therefore, the classic distinction betweenmay and can is preserved, and might is never used as asynonym for either may or can.3.
19、2 For definitions of other terms used in this guide, refer toGuide E 729, Terminology E 943, and Guide E 1023. For anexplanation of units and symbols, refer to Practice E 380.4. Summary of Guide4.1 In each of two or more treatments, saltwater mysids ofone species are maintained in two or more test c
20、hambers fromimmediately after birth until after the beginning of reproduc-tion in a flow-through system. In each of the one or morecontrol treatments, the mysids are maintained in dilution water,to which no test material has been added, in order to provide(1) a measure of the acceptability of the te
21、st by giving anindication of the quality of the mysids and the suitability of thedilution water, food, test conditions, and handling proceduresand (2) the basis for interpreting data obtained from the othertreatments. In each of the one or more other treatments, themysids are maintained in dilution
22、water to which a selectedconcentration of test material has been added. Specified data onthe concentration of test material, and the survival, growth, andreproduction of the mysids are obtained and analyzed todetermine the effect(s) of the test material on survival, growth,and reproduction of the te
23、st organisms.5. Significance and Use5.1 Protection of a species requires prevention of unaccept-able effects on the number, weight, health, and uses of theindividuals of that species. A life-cycle toxicity test is con-ducted to determine what changes in the numbers and weightsof individuals of the t
24、est species result from effects of the testmaterial on survival, growth, and reproduction. Informationmight also be obtained on effects of the material on the healthand uses of the species.5.2 Results of life-cycle tests with mysids might be used topredict long-term effects likely to occur on mysids
25、 in fieldsituations as a result of exposure under comparable conditions.5.3 Results of life-cycle tests with mysids might be used tocompare the chronic sensitivities of different species and thechronic toxicities of different materials, and also to study theeffects of various environmental factors o
26、n results of such tests.5.4 Results of life-cycle tests with mysids might be animportant consideration when assessing the hazards of materi-als to aquatic organisms (see Guide E 1023) or when derivingwater quality criteria for aquatic organisms (1).35.5 Results of a life-cycle test with mysids might
27、 be usefulfor predicting the results of chronic tests on the same testmaterial with the same species in another water or with anotherspecies in the same or a different water (2). Most suchpredictions take into account results of acute toxicity tests, andso the usefulness of the results from a life-c
28、ycle test withmysids is greatly increased by also reporting the results of anacute toxicity test (see Guide E 729) conducted under the sameconditions.5.6 Results of life-cycle tests with mysids might be usefulfor studying the biological availability of, and structure-activity relationships between,
29、test materials.5.7 Results of life-cycle tests with mysids might be usefulfor predicting population effects on the same species in anotherwater or with another species in the same or a different water(3).6. Apparatus6.1 FacilitiesFlow-through or recirculating brood-stocktanks and flow-through, but n
30、ot recirculating, test chambersshould be maintained in constant-temperature areas or recircu-lating water baths. An elevated headbox might be desirable sodilution water can be gravity-fed into brood-stock tanks and themetering system (see 6.3), which mixes and delivers testsolutions to the test cham
31、bers. Strainers and air traps should beincluded in the water supply system. Headboxes and brood-stock tanks should be equipped for temperature control andaeration (see 8.3). Air used for aeration should be free offumes, oil, and water; filters to remove oil and water aredesirable. Filtration of air
32、through a 0.22-m bacterial filtermight be desirable. The facility should be well ventilated andfree of fumes. To further reduce the possibility of contamina-tion by test materials and other substances, especially volatileones, the brood-stock tanks should not be in a room in whichtoxicity tests are
33、conducted, stock solutions or test solutions areprepared, or equipment is cleaned. During culture and testing,organisms should be shielded from disturbances with curtainsor partitions to prevent unnecessary stress. A timing deviceshould be used to provide either a 14-h light and 10-h dark ora 16-h l
34、ight and 8-h dark photoperiod. A15 to 30-min transitionperiod (8) should be provided whenever lights go on or off to3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.E 1191 03a2reduce the possibility of mysids being stressed by instanta-neous changes in lig
35、ht intensity. In the natural environment, thenormal vertical migration of mysids allows gradual acclimationto light intensity. Under artificial laboratory conditions, somemysids exhibit an escape response to sudden increases ordecreases in light intensity resulting in jumping and impinge-ment on the
36、 sides of test chambers or compartments.6.2 Construction MaterialsEquipment and facilities thatcontact stock solutions, test solutions, or any water into whichmysids will be placed should not contain substances that can beleached or dissolved by aqueous solutions in amounts thatadversely affect mysi
37、ds. In addition, equipment and facilitiesthat contact stock solutions or test solutions should be chosento minimize sorption of test materials from water. Glass, Type316 stainless steel, nylon, Teflon, and fluorocarbon plasticsshould be used whenever possible to minimize dissolution,leaching, and so
38、rption. Stainless steel should not be used fortests on metals. Concrete and rigid plastics may be used forbrood-stock tanks and in the water supply, but they should besoaked, preferably in flowing dilution water, for a week ormore before use (9). Cast iron pipe should not be used with saltwater. Spe
39、cially designed systems are usually necessary toobtain salt water from a natural water source (see GuideE 729). Brass, copper, lead, galvanized metal, and naturalrubber should not contact dilution water, stock solutions, or testsolutions before or during the test. Items made of neoprenerubber or oth
40、er materials not mentioned previously should notbe used unless it has been shown that their use will notadversely affect either survival, growth, or reproduction ofmysids (see 13.1.9 and 13.1.10).6.3 Metering System:6.3.1 The metering system should be designed to accom-modate the type and concentrat
41、ion(s) of test material and thenecessary flow rates of test solutions. The system shouldpermit the mixing of the test material with dilution waterimmediately before entrance to the test chambers (see 11.9.3.4)and permit the supply of selected concentration(s) of testmaterial in a reproducible fashio
42、n (see 9.3 and 11.1.1). Variousmetering systems, using different combinations of syringes,dipping birds, siphons, pumps, saturators, solenoids, andvalves have been used successfully to control the concentra-tions of test material in, and the flow rates of, test solutions (seeGuide E 729).6.3.2 The m
43、etering system should be calibrated before thetest by determining the flow rate through each test chamber andmeasuring either the concentration of test material in each testchamber or the volume of solution used in each portion of themetering system. The general operation of the metering systemshoul
44、d be visually checked twice daily, in the morning andafternoon, throughout the test. The metering system should beadjusted during the test if necessary and any malfunction oradjustment should be noted in the study records.6.3.3 The flow rate through each test chamber should be atleast five volume ad
45、ditions per 24 h. It is usually desirable toconstruct the metering system to provide at least ten volumeadditions per 24 h in case there is rapid loss of test material dueto microbial degradation, hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis,reduction, sorption, or volatilization (see 11.4.2). At anyparticular
46、 time during the test, the flow rates through any twotest chambers should not differ by more than 10 %. Flow ratesthrough all test chambers may be equally changed simulta-neously during the test as long as the test temperature (see11.3) and the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and testmaterial (se
47、e 11.4.1 and 11.9.3) remain acceptable (see 11.3,11.9, and 13).6.4 Test Chambers:6.4.1 In a toxicity test with aquatic organisms, test chambersare defined as the smallest physical units between which thereare no water connections. However, screens and cups may beused to create two or more compartmen
48、ts within each chamber.Therefore, test solution can flow from one compartment toanother within a test chamber, but, by definition, cannot flowfrom one chamber to another. Because solution can flow fromone compartment to another in the same test chamber, thetemperature, concentration of test material
49、, and levels ofpathogens and extraneous contaminants are likely to be moresimilar between compartments in the same test chamber thanbetween compartments in different test chambers in the sametreatment. Chambers should be covered to keep out extraneouscontaminants and to reduce evaporation of test solution and testmaterial. All chambers and compartments in a test must beidentical.6.4.2 Test chambers may be constructed by welding, but notsoldering, stainless steel or by gluing double-strength orstronger window glass with clear silicone adhesive. Stoppersand silicone adhesive sorb so
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