1、Designation: E1208 10Standard Practice forFluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing Using the LipophilicPost-Emulsification Process1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1208; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for fluorescent liquidpenetrant examination utilizing the lipophilic po
3、st-emulsification process. It is a nondestructive testing method fordetecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such ascracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations, through leaks, orlack of fusion and is applicable to in-process, final, andmaintenance examination. It can be effectively us
4、ed in theexamination of nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous andof nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densifiedceramics and certain nonporous plastics and glass.1.2 This practice also provides a reference:1.2.1 By which a fluorescent liquid penetrant examination,lipophilic post-emu
5、lsification process recommended or re-quired by individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertainits applicability and completeness.1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specificationsdealing with the fluorescent penetrant examination of materialsand parts using the lipophilic post-emulsif
6、ication process.Agreement by the purchaser and the manufacturer regardingspecific techniques is strongly recommended.1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities andpersonnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.1.3 This practice does not indicate or suggest standards forevaluation
7、 of the indications obtained. It should be pointed out,however, that indications must be interpreted or classified andthen evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate codeor specification or a specific agreement to define the type, size,location, and direction of indications considered acce
8、ptable,and those considered unacceptable.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are regarded asstandard. SI units given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 All areas of this document may be open to agreementbetween the cognizant engineering organization and the sup-plier, or specific dire
9、ction from the cognizant engineeringorganization.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of re
10、gulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)D516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in WaterD808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used PetroleumProducts (Bomb Method)D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in P
11、etroleum Products(High-Temperature Method)E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for GeneralIndustryE433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-tionE543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive TestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASNT Documents
12、:3Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification in Nondestructive TestingANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Qualification and Certification ofNDT Personnel2.3 Military Standard:4MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification2.4 AIA Standard:5NAS 410 Certifica
13、tion and Qualification of NondestructiveTest Personnel1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on LiquidPenetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2010. Published M
14、arch 2010. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1208 - 05. DOI:10.1520/E1208-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to th
15、e standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-509
16、4, Attn: NPODS.5Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.5 Department of Defense (DoD) ContractsUnless oth-erwi
17、se specified, the issue of the documents that are DoDadopted are those listed in the issue of the DoDISS (Depart-ment of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards) citedin the solicitation.2.6 Order of PrecedenceIn the event of conflict betweenthe text of this practice and the references cited h
18、erein, the textof this practice takes precedence.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions relating to liquid penetrantexamination, which appear in Terminology E1316, shall applyto the terms used in this practice.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A post-emulsifiable, liquid, fluorescent penetrant is ap-p
19、lied evenly over the surface being tested and allowed to enteropen discontinuities. After a suitable dwell time, the excesssurface penetrant is removed by applying the lipophilic emul-sifier and the part is water-rinsed and dried. If an aqueousdeveloper is to be employed, the developer is applied pr
20、ior tothe drying step. A developer is applied to draw the entrappedpenetrant out of the discontinuity and stain the developer. Thetest surface is then examined visually using a black light in adarkened area to determine the presence or absence of indica-tions. (WarningFluorescent penetrant examinati
21、on shall notfollow a visible penetrant examination unless the procedure hasbeen qualified in accordance with 9.2, because visible dyesmay cause deterioration or quenching of fluorescent dyes.)NOTE 1The developer may be omitted by agreement between pur-chaser and supplier.4.2 Processing parameters, s
22、uch as precleaning, penetrationtime, emulsification time, etc., are determined by the specificmaterials used, the nature of the part under examination (thatis, size, shape, surface condition, alloy), type of discontinuitiesexpected, etc.5. Significance and Use5.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods
23、 indicate the pres-ence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature and magni-tude of the detected discontinuities. This practice is normallyused for production examination of critical components orstructures when (a) removal of excessive amounts of penetrantfrom discontinuities using a water-wa
24、shable process can be aproblem and (b) the use of a hydrophilic remover is impracti-cal.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Liquid Penetrant Testing Materials, for use in thelipophilic post-emulsification process (see Note 2) consist of afamily of post-emulsifiable fluorescent penetrant, lipophilicemulsifi
25、er, and are classified as Type I Fluorescent, MethodBPost-Emulsifiable, Lipophilic. Intermixing of materialsfrom various manufacturers is not recommended. (WarningWhile approved penetrant materials will not adversely affectcommon metallic materials, some plastics or rubbers may beswollen or stained
26、by certain penetrants.)NOTE 2Refer to 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, andalkali metal content.6.2 Post-Emulsifiable Penetrants are designed to be in-soluble in water and cannot be removed with water rinsingalone. They are designed to be selectively removed from thesurface by the us
27、e of a separate emulsifier. The lipophilicemulsifier, properly applied and given a proper emulsificationtime, combines with the excess surface penetrant to form awater-washable mixture, which can then be rinsed from thesurface, leaving the surface free of fluorescent background.Proper emulsification
28、 time must be experimentally establishedand maintained to assure that over emulsification does notoccur, resulting in loss of indications.6.3 Lipophilic Emulsifiers are oil-base liquids used to emul-sify the oily penetrant on the surface of the part, rendering itwater washable. The rate of diffusion
29、 establishes the emulsiontime. They are either slow- or fast-acting, depending on boththeir viscosity and chemical composition, and the surfaceroughness of the area being examined (see 7.1.5.1).6.4 DevelopersDevelopment of penetrant indications isthe process of bringing the penetrant out of open dis
30、continui-ties through blotting action of the applied developer, thusincreasing the visibility of the penetrant indications. Severaltypes of developers are suitable for use with the lipophilicpenetrant process. (WarningAqueous developers may causestripping of indications if not properly applied and c
31、ontrolled.The procedure should be qualified in accordance with 9.2.)6.4.1 Dry Powder Developers are used as supplied (that is,free-flowing, noncaking powder) in accordance with7.1.8.1(a). Care should be taken not to contaminate thedeveloper with fluorescent penetrant, as the penetrant speckscan appe
32、ar as indications.6.4.2 Aqueous Developers are normally supplied as drypowder particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble)in water. The concentration, use, and maintenance shall be inaccordance with manufacturers recommendations (see7.1.8.1(b).6.4.3 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers are supplied
33、 as suspen-sions of developer particles in a nonaqueous solvent carrierready for use as supplied. Nonaqueous, wet developers form acoating on the surface of the part when dried, which serves asthe developing medium for fluorescent penetrants (see7.1.8.1(c). (WarningThis type of developer is intended
34、 forapplication by spray only.)6.4.4 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or colloidalsuspensions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. Thesedevelopers will form a transparent or translucent coating on thesurface of the part. Certain types of film developer may bestripped from the part and retain
35、ed for record purposes (see7.1.8.1(d).7. Procedure7.1 The following general procedure applies to the fluores-cent liquid penetrant examination, lipophilic post-emulsification process method (see Fig. 1).7.1.1 Temperature LimitsThe temperature of the penetrantmaterials and the surface of the part to
36、be processed should bebetween 40 and 125F (4 and 52C). Where it is not practicalE1208 102to comply with these temperature limitations, qualify theprocedure at the temperature of intended use as described in9.2.7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant InspectionSatisfactory results may be obtain
37、ed on surfaces in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged conditions or forceramics in the densified condition. These sensitive penetrantsare generally less easily rinsed away and are therefore lesssuitable for rougher surfaces. When only loose surface residu-als are present, these may be re
38、moved by wiping the surfacewith clean lint-free cloths. However, precleaning of metals toremove processing residuals such as oil, graphite, scale,insulating materials, coatings, and so forth, should be doneusing cleaning solvents, vapor degreasing or chemical remov-ing processes. Surface conditionin
39、g by grinding, machining,polishing or etching shall follow shot, sand, grit and vaporblasting to remove the peened skin and when penetrantentrapment in surface irregularities might mask the indicationsof unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise interfere with theeffectiveness of the examination. Fo
40、r metals, unless otherwisespecified, etching shall be performed when evidence exists thatprevious cleaning, surface treatments, or service usage haveproduced a surface condition that degrades the effectiveness ofthe examination. (See Annex on Mechanical Cleaning andIncoming PartsPRECLEAN(See 7.1.3.1
41、)Alkaline Steam VaporDegreaseSolventWashAcidEtchMechanical PaintStripperUltrasonic DetergentDRY(See 7.1.3.2)DryPENETRANTAPPLICATION(See 7.1.4)Apply Post-EmulsifiablePenetrantLIPOPHILICEMULSIFIER(See 7.1.5)ApplyLipophilicEmulsifierFINAL RINSE(See 7.1.6)WaterWashDRY(See 7.1.7)DEVELOP(See 7.1.8)Dry Dev
42、eloper(Aqueous)DEVELOP(See 7.1.8)DRY(See 7.1.7)Developer Dry,Nonaqueousor Liquid FilmDryEXAMINE(See 7.1.9)ExamineWaterRinseDetergent MechanicalWashPOST CLEAN(See 7.1.11 and PracticeE165,Annex on Post Cleaning.)DryVaporDegreaseSolventSoakUltrasonicCleanOutgoing PartsFIG. 1 General Procedure Flowsheet
43、 for Fluorescent Penetrant Examination Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification ProcessE1208 103Surface Conditioning and Annex on Acid Etching in TestMethod E165 for general precautions relative to surfacepreparation.) (WarningSand or shot blasting may possiblyclose indications. Extreme care should
44、be used with grindingand machining operations.)NOTE 3When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blastingwithout subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.NOTE 4For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation bygrinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examinati
45、on is notrecommended because of the potential for damage.7.1.3 Removal of Surface Contaminants:7.1.3.1 PrecleaningThe success of any penetrant exami-nation procedure is greatly dependent upon the surface anddiscontinuity being free of any contaminant (solid or liquid)that might interfere with the pe
46、netrant process. All parts orareas of parts to be inspected must be clean and dry before thepenetrant is applied. If only a section of a part, such as a weldincluding the heat-affected zone, is to be examined, all con-taminants shall be removed from the area being examined asdefined by the contracti
47、ng parties. “Clean” is intended to meanthat the surface must be free of any rust, scale, welding flux,spatter, grease, paint, oily films, dirt, etc., that might interferewith penetration. All of these contaminants can prevent thepenetrant from entering discontinuities (seeAnnex on Cleaningof Parts a
48、nd Materials in Test Method E165 for more detailedcleaning methods). (WarningResidues from cleaning pro-cesses such as strong alkalies, pickling solutions, and chro-mates, in particular, may adversely react with the penetrant andreduce its sensitivity and performance.)7.1.3.2 Drying after CleaningIt
49、 is essential that the sur-face parts be thoroughly dry after cleaning, since any liquidresidue will hinder the entrance of the penetrant. Drying maybe accomplished by warming the parts in drying ovens, withinfrared lamps, forced hot or cold air, or exposure to ambienttemperature.7.1.4 Penetrant ApplicationAfter the part has beencleaned, dried, and is within the specified temperature range,apply the penetrant to the surface to be inspected so that theentire part or area under examination is completely coveredwith penetrant.7.1.4.1 Modes of ApplicationThere
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