1、Designation: E1208 16Standard Practice forFluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing Using the LipophilicPost-Emulsification Process1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1208; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for fluorescent liquidpenetrant examination utilizing the lipophilic po
3、st-emulsification process. It is a nondestructive testing method fordetecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such ascracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations, through leaks, orlack of fusion and is applicable to in-process, final, andmaintenance examination. It can be effectively us
4、ed in theexamination of nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous andof nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densifiedceramics and certain nonporous plastics and glass.1.2 This practice also provides a reference:1.2.1 By which a fluorescent liquid penetrant examination,lipophilic post-emu
5、lsification process recommended or re-quired by individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertainits applicability and completeness.1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specificationsdealing with the fluorescent penetrant examination of materialsand parts using the lipophilic post-emulsif
6、ication process.Agreement by the purchaser and the manufacturer regardingspecific techniques is strongly recommended.1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities andpersonnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.1.3 This practice does not indicate or suggest standards forevaluation
7、 of the indications obtained. It should be pointed out,however, that indications must be interpreted or classified andthen evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate codeor specification or a specific agreement to define the type, size,location, and direction of indications considered acce
8、ptable,and those considered unacceptable.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are regarded asstandard. SI units given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 All areas of this document may be open to agreementbetween the cognizant engineering organization and thesupplier, or specific direct
9、ion from the cognizant engineeringorganization.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regu
10、latory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)D516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in WaterD808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used PetroleumProducts (High Pressure Dec
11、omposition Device Method)D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byHigh Temperature Combustion and IR DetectionE165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination forGeneral IndustryE433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-tionE543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nond
12、estructiveTestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE2297 Guide for Use of UV-Aand Visible Light Sources andMeters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic ParticleMethodsE3022 Practice for Measurement of Emission Characteris-tics and Requirements for LED UV-A Lamps Used inFluorescent
13、 Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing2.2 ASNT Documents:3Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification in Nondestructive Testing1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E0
14、7.03 on LiquidPenetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published June 2016. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E1208 - 10. DOI:10.1520/E1208-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact AST
15、M Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.Copyright AST
16、M International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Qualification and Certification of NDTPersonnel2.3 AIA Standard:4NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTest Personnel2.4 ISO Standards5ISO 9712 Nondestructive Test
17、ingQualification and Certi-fication of NDT PersonnelGeneral Principles2.5 Department of Defense (DoD) ContractsUnless oth-erwise specified, the issue of the documents that are DoDadopted are those listed in the issue of the DoDISS (Depart-ment of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards) citedi
18、n the solicitation.2.6 Order of PrecedenceIn the event of conflict betweenthe text of this practice and the references cited herein, the textof this practice takes precedence.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions relating to liquid penetrantexamination, which appear in Terminology E1316, shal
19、l applyto the terms used in this practice.Throughout this practice, the term “black light” has beenchanged to “UV-A” to conform with the latest terminology inE1316. “Black light” can mean a broad range of ultravioletradiation; fluorescent penetrant inspection only uses the UV-Arange.4. Summary of Pr
20、actice4.1 A post-emulsifiable, liquid, fluorescent penetrant is ap-plied evenly over the surface being tested and allowed to enteropen discontinuities. After a suitable dwell time, the excesssurface penetrant is removed by applying the lipophilic emul-sifier and the part is water-rinsed and dried. I
21、f an aqueousdeveloper is to be employed, the developer is applied prior tothe drying step. A developer is applied to draw the entrappedpenetrant out of the discontinuity and stain the developer. Thetest surface is then examined visually using a UV-A source ina darkened area to determine the presence
22、 or absence ofindications. (WarningFluorescent penetrant examinationshall not follow a visible penetrant examination unless theprocedure has been qualified in accordance with 9.2, becausevisible dyes may cause deterioration or quenching of fluores-cent dyes.)NOTE 1The developer may be omitted by agr
23、eement betweenpurchaser and supplier.4.2 Processing parameters, such as precleaning, penetrationtime, emulsification time, etc., are determined by the specificmaterials used, the nature of the part under examination (thatis, size, shape, surface condition, alloy), type of discontinuitiesexpected, et
24、c.5. Significance and Use5.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods indicate thepresence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature andmagnitude of the detected discontinuities. This practice isnormally used for production examination of critical compo-nents or structures when (a) removal of exce
25、ssive amounts ofpenetrant from discontinuities using a water-washable processcan be a problem and (b) the use of a hydrophilic remover isimpractical.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Liquid Penetrant Testing Materials, for use in thelipophilic post-emulsification process (see Note 2) consist of afamily o
26、f post-emulsifiable fluorescent penetrant, lipophilicemulsifier, and are classified as Type I Fluorescent, MethodBPost-Emulsifiable, Lipophilic. Each penetrant and emulsi-fier are approved together as a pair. Intermixing of materialsfrom various manufacturers is not recommended. (WarningWhile approv
27、ed penetrant materials will not adversely affectcommon metallic materials, some plastics or rubbers may beswollen or stained by certain penetrants.)NOTE 2Refer to 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, andalkali metal content.6.2 Post-Emulsifiable Penetrants are designed to be in-soluble
28、in water and cannot be removed with water rinsingalone. They are designed to be selectively removed from thesurface by the use of a separate emulsifier. The lipophilicemulsifier, properly applied and given a proper emulsificationtime, combines with the excess surface penetrant to form awater-washabl
29、e mixture, which can then be rinsed from thesurface, leaving the surface free of fluorescent background.Proper emulsification time must be experimentally establishedand maintained to assure that over emulsification does notoccur, resulting in loss of indications.6.3 Lipophilic Emulsifiers are oil-ba
30、se liquids used to emul-sify the oily penetrant on the surface of the part, rendering itwater washable. The rate of diffusion establishes the emulsiontime. They are either slow- or fast-acting, depending on boththeir viscosity and chemical composition, and the surfaceroughness of the area being exam
31、ined (see 7.1.5.1).6.4 DevelopersDevelopment of penetrant indications isthe process of bringing the penetrant out of open discontinui-ties through blotting action of the applied developer, thusincreasing the visibility of the penetrant indications. Severaltypes of developers are suitable for use wit
32、h the lipophilicpenetrant process. (WarningAqueous developers may causestripping of indications if not properly applied and controlled.The procedure should be qualified in accordance with 9.2.)6.4.1 Dry Powder Developers are used as supplied (that is,free-flowing, noncaking powder) in accordance wit
33、h7.1.8.1(a). Care should be taken not to contaminate the4Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005.5Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP
34、401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.E1208 162developer with fluorescent penetrant, as the penetrant speckscan appear as indications.6.4.2 Aqueous Developers are normally supplied as drypowder particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble)in water. The concentration, use
35、, and maintenance shall be inaccordance with manufacturers recommendations (see7.1.8.1(b).6.4.3 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers are supplied as suspen-sions of developer particles in a nonaqueous solvent carrierready for use as supplied. Nonaqueous, wet developers form acoating on the surface of the part
36、 when dried, which serves asthe developing medium for fluorescent penetrants (see7.1.8.1(c). (WarningThis type of developer is intended forapplication by spray only.)6.4.4 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or colloidalsuspensions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. Thesedevelopers will form
37、a transparent or translucent coating on thesurface of the part. Certain types of film developer may bestripped from the part and retained for record purposes (see7.1.8.1(d).7. Procedure7.1 The following general procedure applies to the fluores-cent liquid penetrant examination, lipophilic post-emuls
38、ification process method (see Fig. 1).7.1.1 Temperature LimitsThe temperature of the penetrantmaterials and the surface of the part to be processed should bebetween 40 and 125F (4 and 52C). Where it is not practicalto comply with these temperature limitations, qualify theprocedure at the temperature
39、 of intended use as described in9.2.7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant InspectionSatisfactory results may be obtained on surfaces in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged conditions or forceramics in the densified condition. These sensitive penetrantsare generally less easily ri
40、nsed away and are therefore lesssuitable for rougher surfaces. When only loose surface residu-als are present, these may be removed by wiping the surfacewith clean lint-free cloths. However, precleaning of metals toremove processing residuals such as oil, graphite, scale,Incoming PartsPRECLEAN(See 7
41、.1.3.1)Alkaline Steam VaporDegreaseSolventWashAcidEtchMechanical PaintStripperUltrasonic DetergentDRY(See 7.1.3.2)DryPENETRANTAPPLICATION(See 7.1.4)Apply Post-EmulsifiablePenetrantLIPOPHILICEMULSIFIER(See 7.1.5)ApplyLipophilicEmulsifierFINAL RINSE(See 7.1.6)WaterWashDRY(See 7.1.7)DEVELOP(See 7.1.8)D
42、ry Developer(Aqueous)DEVELOP(See 7.1.8)DRY(See 7.1.7)Developer Dry,Nonaqueousor Liquid FilmDryEXAMINE(See 7.1.9)ExamineWaterRinseDetergent MechanicalWashPOST CLEAN(See 7.1.11 and PracticeE165/E165M,Annex on Post Cleaning.)DryVaporDegreaseSolventSoakUltrasonicCleanOutgoing PartsFIG. 1 General Procedu
43、re Flowsheet for Fluorescent Penetrant Examination Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification ProcessE1208 163insulating materials, coatings, and so forth, should be doneusing cleaning solvents, vapor degreasing or chemical remov-ing processes. Surface conditioning by grinding, machining,polishing or
44、etching shall follow shot, sand, grit and vaporblasting to remove the peened skin and when penetrantentrapment in surface irregularities might mask the indicationsof unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise interfere with theeffectiveness of the examination. For metals, unless otherwisespecified, e
45、tching shall be performed when evidence exists thatprevious cleaning, surface treatments, or service usage haveproduced a surface condition that degrades the effectiveness ofthe examination. (See Annex on Cleaning Parts and Materialsin Practice E165/E165M for general precautions relative tosurface p
46、reparation.) (WarningSand or shot blasting maypossibly close indications. Extreme care should be used withgrinding and machining operations.)NOTE 3When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blastingwithout subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.NOTE 4For structural or electron
47、ic ceramics, surface preparation bygrinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is notrecommended because of the potential for damage.7.1.3 Removal of Surface Contaminants:7.1.3.1 PrecleaningThe success of any penetrant exami-nation procedure is greatly dependent upon the surface an
48、ddiscontinuity being free of any contaminant (solid or liquid)that might interfere with the penetrant process. All parts orareas of parts to be inspected must be clean and dry before thepenetrant is applied. If only a section of a part, such as a weldincluding the heat-affected zone, is to be examin
49、ed, all con-taminants shall be removed from the area being examined asdefined by the contracting parties. “Clean” is intended to meanthat the surface must be free of any rust, scale, welding flux,spatter, grease, paint, oily films, dirt, etc., that might interferewith penetration. All of these contaminants can prevent thepenetrant from entering discontinuities (seeAnnex on Cleaningof Parts and Materials in Practice E165/E165M for moredetailed cleaning methods). (WarningResidues from clean-ing processes such as strong alkalies, pickling solutions, andchroma
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