1、Designation: E 1209 05Standard Test Method forFluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using the Water-Washable Process1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1209; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method2covers procedures for water-washablefluorescent penetrant examination of materials. It is a
3、 nonde-structive testing method for detecting discontinuities that areopen to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts,laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks, or lack of poros-ity and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenanceexamination. It can be effectively used in the
4、examination ofnonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous,and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densifiedceramics and certain nonporous plastics and glass.1.2 This test method also provides a reference:1.2.1 By which a fluorescent penetrant examination methodusing the w
5、ater-washable process recommended or required byindividual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain itsapplicability and completeness.1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specificationsdealing with the water-washable fluorescent penetrant exami-nation of materials and parts. Agreement by th
6、e purchaser andthe manufacturer regarding specific techniques is stronglyrecommended.1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities andpersonnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.1.3 This test method does not indicate or suggest standardsfor evaluation of the indications obtained.
7、 It should be pointedout, however, that indications must be interpreted or classifiedand then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separatecode or specification or a specific agreement to define the type,size, location, and direction of indications considered accept-able, and those considered
8、 unacceptable.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. SI units are provided for information only.1.5 All areas of this document may be open to agreementbetween the cognizant engineering organization and the sup-plier, or specific direction from the cognizant engi
9、neeringorganization.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to
10、 use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)D 516 Test Methods for Sulfate Ion in WaterD 808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petro-leum Products (Bomb Method)D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High
11、Temperature Method)E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant ExaminationE 433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-tionE 543 Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform Non-destructive TestingE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASNT Documents:Recommended Practice SNT-T
12、C-1A Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification in Nondestructive Testing4ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Qualification and Certification ofNDT Personnel42.3 Military Standard:5MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification2.4 AIA Standard:NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of N
13、ondestructiveTest Personnel62.5 Department of Defense (DoD) ContractsUnless oth-erwise specified, the issue of the documents that are DoD1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 onNondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 onLiquid Penetra
14、nt and Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved January 1, 2005. Published January 2005. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E 1209 - 99.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related TestMethod SE-1209 in Section II of that Code.3For r
15、eferenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASN
16、T), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.5Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.6Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250Eye Street, N.W., Washington,
17、DC 20005.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.adopted are those listed in the issue of the DoDISS (Depart-ment of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards) citedin the solicitation.2.6 Order of PrecedenceIn the event
18、of conflict betweenthe text of this test method and the references cited herein, thetext of this test method takes precedence.3. Terminology3.1 Definitionsdefinitions relating to liquid penetrant ex-amination, which appear in Terminology E 1316, shall apply tothe terms used in this test method.4. Su
19、mmary of Test Method4.1 A liquid penetrant is applied evenly over the surfacebeing tested and allowed to enter open discontinuities. After asuitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant is removedwith water and the surface is dried prior to the application of adry or nonaqueous developer. A deve
20、loper is then applied,drawing the entrapped penetrant out of the discontinuity andstaining the developer. If an aqueous developer is to beemployed, the developer is applied prior to the drying step. Thetest surface is then examined visually under black light in adarkened area to determine the presen
21、ce or absence of indica-tions. (WarningFluorescent penetrant examination shall notfollow a visible penetrant examination unless the procedure hasbeen qualified in accordance with 9.2, because visible dyesmay cause deterioration or quenching of fluorescent dyes.)NOTE 1The developer may be omitted by
22、agreement between pur-chaser and supplier.4.2 The selection of particular water-washable penetrantprocess parameters depends upon the nature of the application,condition under which the examination is to be performed,availability of processing equipment, and type of materials toperform the examinati
23、on. (WarningA controlled method forapplying water and disposing of the water is essential.)4.3 Processing parameters, such as precleaning, penetrationtime and wash times, are determined by the specific materialsused, the nature of the part under examination, (that is, size,shape, surface condition,
24、alloy) and type of discontinuitiesexpected.5. Significance and Use5.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods indicate the pres-ence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature and magni-tude of the detected discontinuities. This method is normallyused for production inspection of large volumes of
25、parts orstructures, where emphasis is on productivity. The methodenjoys a wide latitude in applicability when extensive andcontrolled conditions are available. Multiple levels of sensitiv-ity can be achieved by proper selection of materials andvariations in process.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Liqui
26、d Fluorescent Penetrant Examination Materials(see Note 2) for use in the water-washable process consist ofa family of fluorescent water-washable penetrants and appro-priate developers and are classified as Type I Fluorescent,Method AWater-Washable. Intermixing of materials fromvarious manufacturers
27、is not recommended.NOTE 2Refer to 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, andalkali metal content. (WarningWhile approved penetrant materials willnot adversely affect common metallic materials, some plastics or rubbersmay be swollen or stained by certain penetrants.)6.2 Water-Washable Pene
28、trants are designed to be directlywater-washable from the surface of the test part after a suitablepenetrant dwell time. Because the emulsifier is “built-in” to thewater-washable penetrant, it is extremely important to exerciseproper process control in removal of excess surface penetrantto assure ag
29、ainst overwashing. Water-washable penetrants canbe washed out of discontinuities if the rinsing step is too longor too vigorous. Some penetrants are less resistant to over-washing than others.6.3 DevelopersDevelopment of penetrant indications isthe process of bringing the penetrant out of open disco
30、ntinui-ties through blotting action of the applied developer, thusincreasing the visibility of the penetrant indications. Severaltypes of developers are suitable for use and the fluorescentpenetrant water-washable process. (WarningAqueous de-velopers may cause stripping of indications if not properl
31、yapplied and controlled. The procedure shall be qualified inaccordance with 9.2.)6.3.1 Dry Powder Developers are used as supplied (that is,free-flowing, noncaking powder) in accordance with 7.1.7.1(a).Care should be taken not to contaminate the developer withfluorescent penetrant, as the specks can
32、appear as indications.6.3.2 Aqueous Developers are normally supplied as drypowder particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble)in water. The concentration, use, and maintenance shall be inaccordance with the manufacturers recommendations (see7.1.7.1(b).6.3.3 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers are
33、supplied as suspen-sions of developer particles in nonaqueous, solvent carriersready for use as supplied. Nonaqueous, wet developers form acoating on the surface of the part when dried, which serves asthe developing medium for fluorescent penetrants (see7.1.7.1(c). (WarningThis type of developer is
34、intended forapplication by spray only.)6.3.4 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or colloidalsuspensions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. Thesedevelopers will form a transparent or translucent coating on thesurface of the part. Certain types of film developer will fixindications and may be
35、stripped from the part and retained forrecord purposes (see 7.1.7.1(d).7. Procedure7.1 The following general procedure applies to the fluores-cent penetrant examination water-washable method (see Fig.1).7.1.1 Temperature LimitsThe temperature of the penetrantmaterials and the surface of the part to
36、be processed should bebetween 40 and 125F 4 and 52C. Where it is not practicalto comply with these temperature limitations, qualify theprocedure at the temperature of intended use as described in9.2.E12090527.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant InspectionSatisfactory results can usually be o
37、btained on surfaces in theas-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged conditions or forceramics in the densified condition. The more sensitive pen-etrants are generally less easily rinsed away and are thereforeless suitable for rougher surfaces. When only loose surfaceresiduals are present, these ma
38、y be removed by wiping thesurface with clean lint-free cloths. However, precleaning ofmetals to remove processing residuals such as oil, graphite,scale, insulating materials, coatings, and so forth, should bedone using cleaning solvents, vapor degreasing or chemicalremoving processes. Surface condit
39、ioning by grinding, ma-chining, polishing or etching shall follow shot, sand, grit andvapor blasting to remove the peened skin and when penetrantentrapment in surface irregularities might mask the indicationsof unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise interfere with theeffectiveness of the examinat
40、ion. For metals, unless otherwisespecified, etching shall be performed when evidence exists thatprevious cleaning, surface treatments or service usage haveproduced a surface condition that degrades the effectiveness ofthe examination. (See Annex on Mechanical Cleaning andSurface Conditioning and Ann
41、ex on Acid Etching in TestMethod E 165 for general precautions relative to surfacepreparation.)NOTE 3When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blastingwithout subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.(WarningSand or shot blasting may possibly close indications andextreme care s
42、hould be used with grinding and machining operations.)NOTE 4For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation bygrinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is notrecommended because of the potential for damage.7.1.3 Removal of Surface Contaminants:7.1.3.1 PrecleaningThe su
43、ccess of any penetrant exami-nation procedure is greatly dependent upon the surface anddiscontinuity being free of any contaminant (solid or liquid)that might interfere with the penetrant process. All parts orareas of parts to be examined must be clean and dry before thepenetrant is applied. If only
44、 a section of a part, such as weldincluding the heat-affected zone, is to be examined, all con-taminants shall be removed from the area being examined asIncoming PartsAlkaline Steam Vapor Degrease Solvent Wash Acid EtchPRECLEAN(See 7.1.3.1)Mechanical Paint Stripper Ultrasonic DetergentDRY(See 7.1.3.
45、2)DryPENETRANTAPPLICATION(See 7.1.4)Apply Water-WashablePenetrantFINAL RINSE(See 7.1.5)Water WashSpray DipDRY(See 7.1.6)DEVELOP(See 7.1.7)Developer(Aqueous)DryDEVELOP(See 7.1.7)DRY(See 7.1.6)Developer,Dry,NonaqueousorLiquid FilmDryEXAMINE(See 7.1.8)ExamineWater Rinse Detergent MechanicalWashPOST CLE
46、AN(See 7.1.10 andPrac-tice E 165, AnnexonPost Cleaning.)DryVapor Degrease Solvent Soak Ultrasonic CleanOutgoing PartsFIG. 1 General Procedure Flowsheet for Fluorescent Penetrant Examination Using the Water-Washable ProcessE1209053defined by the contracting parties. “Clean” is intended to meanthat th
47、e surface must be free of any rust, scale, welding flux,spatter, grease, paint, oily films, dirt, etc., that might interferewith penetration. All of these contaminants can prevent thepenetrant from entering discontinuities. (See Annex on Clean-ing of Parts and Materials in Test Method E 165 for more
48、detailed cleaning methods.) (WarningResidues from clean-ing processes such as strong alkalies, pickling solutions andchromates, in particular, may adversely react with the penetrantand reduce its sensitivity and performance.)7.1.3.2 Drying After CleaningIt is essential that the sur-faces be thorough
49、ly dry after cleaning, since any liquid residuewill hinder the entrance of the penetrant. Drying may beaccomplished by warming the parts in drying ovens, withinfrared lamps, forced hot or cold air, or by exposure toambient temperature.7.1.4 Penetrant ApplicationAfter the part has beencleaned, dried, and is within the specified temperature range,apply the penetrant to the surface to be inspected so that theentire part or area under examination is completely coveredwith penetrant.7.1.4.1 Modes of ApplicationThere are various modes ofeffective application o
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