1、Designation: E1209 10Standard Practice forFluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing Using the Water-Washable Process1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1209; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice2covers procedures for water-washablefluorescent penetrant examination of materials. It is a nonde-struct
3、ive testing method for detecting discontinuities that areopen to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts,laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks, or lack of poros-ity and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenanceexamination. It can be effectively used in the examination o
4、fnonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous,and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densifiedceramics and certain nonporous plastics and glass.1.2 This practice also provides a reference:1.2.1 By which a fluorescent penetrant examination methodusing the water-washable pr
5、ocess recommended or required byindividual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain itsapplicability and completeness.1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specificationsdealing with the water-washable fluorescent penetrant exami-nation of materials and parts. Agreement by the purchaser andt
6、he manufacturer regarding specific techniques is stronglyrecommended.1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities andpersonnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.1.3 This practice does not indicate or suggest standards forevaluation of the indications obtained. It should be point
7、ed out,however, that indications must be interpreted or classified andthen evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate codeor specification or a specific agreement to define the type, size,location, and direction of indications considered acceptable,and those considered unacceptable.1.4 The
8、 values stated in inch-pound units are regarded asstandard. SI units given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 All areas of this document may be open to agreementbetween the cognizant engineering organization and the sup-plier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineeringorganization
9、1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced
10、Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)D516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in WaterD808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used PetroleumProducts (Bomb Method)D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High-Temperature Method)E165 P
11、ractice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for GeneralIndustryE433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-tionE543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive TestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASNT Documents:Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualif
12、ica-tion and Certification in Nondestructive Testing4ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Qualification and Certification ofNDT Personnel42.3 Military Standard:51This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on LiquidPene
13、trant and Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2010. Published March 2010. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1209 - 05. DOI:10.1520/E1209-10.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related TestMethod SE-1209 in Section II
14、 of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from TheAmerican Society for Nondest
15、ructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.5Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
16、 PA 19428-2959, United States.MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification2.4 AIA Standard:NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTest Personnel62.5 Department of Defense (DoD) ContractsUnless oth-erwise specified, the issue of the documents that ar
17、e DoDadopted are those listed in the issue of the DoDISS (Depart-ment of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards) citedin the solicitation.2.6 Order of PrecedenceIn the event of conflict betweenthe text of this practice and the references cited herein, the textof this practice takes precedence
18、3. Terminology3.1 Definitionsdefinitions relating to liquid penetrant ex-amination, which appear in Terminology E1316, shall apply tothe terms used in this practice.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A liquid penetrant is applied evenly over the surfacebeing tested and allowed to enter open discontinuities.
19、 After asuitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant is removedwith water and the surface is dried prior to the application of adry or nonaqueous developer. A developer is then applied,drawing the entrapped penetrant out of the discontinuity andstaining the developer. If an aqueous developer is
20、 to beemployed, the developer is applied prior to the drying step. Thetest surface is then examined visually under black light in adarkened area to determine the presence or absence of indica-tions. (WarningFluorescent penetrant examination shall notfollow a visible penetrant examination unless the
21、procedure hasbeen qualified in accordance with 9.2, because visible dyesmay cause deterioration or quenching of fluorescent dyes.)NOTE 1The developer may be omitted by agreement between pur-chaser and supplier.4.2 The selection of particular water-washable penetrantprocess parameters depends upon th
22、e nature of the application,condition under which the examination is to be performed,availability of processing equipment, and type of materials toperform the examination. (WarningA controlled method forapplying water and disposing of the water is essential.)4.3 Processing parameters, such as precle
23、aning, penetrationtime and wash times, are determined by the specific materialsused, the nature of the part under examination, (that is, size,shape, surface condition, alloy) and type of discontinuitiesexpected.5. Significance and Use5.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods indicate the pres-ence, l
24、ocation, and, to a limited extent, the nature and magni-tude of the detected discontinuities. This method is normallyused for production inspection of large volumes of parts orstructures, where emphasis is on productivity. The methodenjoys a wide latitude in applicability when extensive andcontrolle
25、d conditions are available. Multiple levels of sensitiv-ity can be achieved by proper selection of materials andvariations in process.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Liquid Fluorescent Penetrant Testing Materials(see Note 2) for use in the water-washable process consist ofa family of fluorescent water-
26、washable penetrants and appro-priate developers and are classified as Type I Fluorescent,Method AWater-Washable. Intermixing of materials fromvarious manufacturers is not recommended.NOTE 2Refer to 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, andalkali metal content. (WarningWhile approved pene
27、trant materials willnot adversely affect common metallic materials, some plastics or rubbersmay be swollen or stained by certain penetrants.)6.2 Water-Washable Penetrants are designed to be directlywater-washable from the surface of the test part after a suitablepenetrant dwell time. Because the emu
28、lsifier is “built-in” to thewater-washable penetrant, it is extremely important to exerciseproper process control in removal of excess surface penetrantto assure against overwashing. Water-washable penetrants canbe washed out of discontinuities if the rinsing step is too longor too vigorous. Some pe
29、netrants are less resistant to over-washing than others.6.3 DevelopersDevelopment of penetrant indications isthe process of bringing the penetrant out of open discontinui-ties through blotting action of the applied developer, thusincreasing the visibility of the penetrant indications. Severaltypes o
30、f developers are suitable for use and the fluorescentpenetrant water-washable process. (WarningAqueous de-velopers may cause stripping of indications if not properlyapplied and controlled. The procedure shall be qualified inaccordance with 9.2.)6.3.1 Dry Powder Developers are used as supplied (that
31、is,free-flowing, noncaking powder) in accordance with 7.1.7.1(a).Care should be taken not to contaminate the developer withfluorescent penetrant, as the specks can appear as indications.6.3.2 Aqueous Developers are normally supplied as drypowder particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble
32、)in water. The concentration, use, and maintenance shall be inaccordance with the manufacturers recommendations (see7.1.7.1(b).6.3.3 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers are supplied as suspen-sions of developer particles in nonaqueous, solvent carriersready for use as supplied. Nonaqueous, wet developers for
33、m acoating on the surface of the part when dried, which serves asthe developing medium for fluorescent penetrants (see7.1.7.1(c). (WarningThis type of developer is intended forapplication by spray only.)6.3.4 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or colloidalsuspensions of resins/polymer in a suitabl
34、e carrier. Thesedevelopers will form a transparent or translucent coating on thesurface of the part. Certain types of film developer will fixindications and may be stripped from the part and retained forrecord purposes (see 7.1.7.1(d).6Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America,
35、Inc., 1250Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005.E1209 1027. Procedure7.1 The following general procedure applies to the fluores-cent penetrant examination water-washable method (see Fig.1).7.1.1 Temperature LimitsThe temperature of the penetrantmaterials and the surface of the part to be processed
36、should bebetween 40 and 125F (4 and 52C). Where it is not practicalto comply with these temperature limitations, qualify theprocedure at the temperature of intended use as described in9.2.7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant InspectionSatisfactory results can usually be obtained on surfaces
37、 in theas-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged conditions or forceramics in the densified condition. The more sensitive pen-etrants are generally less easily rinsed away and are thereforeless suitable for rougher surfaces. When only loose surfaceresiduals are present, these may be removed by wip
38、ing thesurface with clean lint-free cloths. However, precleaning ofmetals to remove processing residuals such as oil, graphite,scale, insulating materials, coatings, and so forth, should bedone using cleaning solvents, vapor degreasing or chemicalremoving processes. Surface conditioning by grinding,
39、 ma-chining, polishing or etching shall follow shot, sand, grit andvapor blasting to remove the peened skin and when penetrantentrapment in surface irregularities might mask the indicationsof unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise interfere with theeffectiveness of the examination. For metals, un
40、less otherwisespecified, etching shall be performed when evidence exists thatprevious cleaning, surface treatments or service usage haveproduced a surface condition that degrades the effectiveness ofthe examination. (See Annex on Mechanical Cleaning andSurface Conditioning and Annex on Acid Etching
41、in TestMethod E165 for general precautions relative to surfacepreparation.)NOTE 3When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blastingwithout subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.(WarningSand or shot blasting may possibly close indications andextreme care should be used with g
42、rinding and machining operations.)Incoming PartsAlkaline Steam Vapor Degrease Solvent Wash Acid EtchPRECLEAN(See 7.1.3.1)Mechanical Paint Stripper Ultrasonic DetergentDRY(See 7.1.3.2)DryPENETRANTAPPLICATION(See 7.1.4)Apply Water-WashablePenetrantFINAL RINSE(See 7.1.5)Water WashSpray DipDRY(See 7.1.6
43、)DEVELOP(See 7.1.7)Developer(Aqueous)DryDEVELOP(See 7.1.7)DRY(See 7.1.6)Developer,Dry,NonaqueousorLiquid FilmDryEXAMINE(See 7.1.8)ExamineWater Rinse Detergent MechanicalWashPOST CLEAN(See 7.1.10 andPrac-tice E165, AnnexonPost Cleaning.)DryVapor Degrease Solvent Soak Ultrasonic CleanOutgoing PartsFIG
44、 1 General Procedure Flowsheet for Fluorescent Penetrant Examination Using the Water-Washable ProcessE1209 103NOTE 4For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation bygrinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is notrecommended because of the potential for damage.7.1.3
45、Removal of Surface Contaminants:7.1.3.1 PrecleaningThe success of any penetrant exami-nation procedure is greatly dependent upon the surface anddiscontinuity being free of any contaminant (solid or liquid)that might interfere with the penetrant process. All parts orareas of parts to be examined must
46、 be clean and dry before thepenetrant is applied. If only a section of a part, such as weldincluding the heat-affected zone, is to be examined, all con-taminants shall be removed from the area being examined asdefined by the contracting parties. “Clean” is intended to meanthat the surface must be fr
47、ee of any rust, scale, welding flux,spatter, grease, paint, oily films, dirt, etc., that might interferewith penetration. All of these contaminants can prevent thepenetrant from entering discontinuities. (See Annex on Clean-ing of Parts and Materials in Test Method E165 for moredetailed cleaning met
48、hods.) (WarningResidues from clean-ing processes such as strong alkalies, pickling solutions andchromates, in particular, may adversely react with the penetrantand reduce its sensitivity and performance.)7.1.3.2 Drying After CleaningIt is essential that the sur-faces be thoroughly dry after cleaning
49、 since any liquid residuewill hinder the entrance of the penetrant. Drying may beaccomplished by warming the parts in drying ovens, withinfrared lamps, forced hot or cold air, or by exposure toambient temperature.7.1.4 Penetrant ApplicationAfter the part has beencleaned, dried, and is within the specified temperature range,apply the penetrant to the surface to be inspected so that theentire part or area under examination is completely coveredwith penetrant.7.1.4.1 Modes of ApplicationThere are various modes ofeffective application of penetrant such as
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