ASTM E1316-2011b red 0625 Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations《无损检验标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation:E131611a Designation: E1316 11bStandard Terminology forNondestructive Examinations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1316; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A

2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INDEX OF TERMSSectionA: Common NDT TermsB: Acoustic Emission (AE) TermsC: Electromagnetic Testing (ET) TermsD: Gamma- and X-Radiologic Testing (RT)

3、 TermsE: Leak Testing (LT) TermsF: Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT) TermsG: Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) TermsH: Neutron Radiologic Testing (NRT) TermsI: Ultrasonic Testing (UT) TermsJ: Infrared Testing (IRT) TermsK: Holographic Testing (HT) TermsL: Visual Testing (VT) Terms1. Scope1.1 This standard

4、defines the terminology used in the standards prepared by the E07 Committee on Nondestructive Testing.These nondestructive testing (NDT) methods include: acoustic emission, electromagnetic testing, gamma- and X-radiology, leaktesting, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, neutron radi

5、ology and gauging, ultrasonic testing, and other technicalmethods.1.2 Committee E07 recognizes that the terms examination, testing and inspection are commonly used as synonyms innondestructive testing. For uniformity and consistency in E07 nondestructive testing standards, Committee E07 encourages t

6、he useof the term examination and its derivatives when describing the application of nondestructive test methods. There are, however,appropriate exceptions when the term test and its derivatives may be used to describe the application of a nondestructive test, suchas measurements which produce a num

7、eric result (for example, when using the leak testing method to perform a leak test on acomponent, or an ultrasonic measurement of velocity). Additionally, the term test should be used when referring to the NDTmethod, that is, Radiologic Testing (RT), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), and so forth. (Example:

8、 Radiologic Testing (RT) is often usedto examine material to detect internal discontinuities.)1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple NDT methods, whereas, the subsequent sections define termspertaining to specific NDT methods.1.4 As shown on the chart below, when nondestructive test

9、ing produces an indication, the indication is subject to interpretationas false, nonrelevant or relevant. If it has been interpreted as relevant, the necessary subsequent evaluation will result in thedecision to accept or reject the material. With the exception of accept and reject, which retain the

10、 meaning found in mostdictionaries, all the words used in the chart are defined in Section A.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.92 on Editorial Review.Current edition approved JulyDec. 1, 2011. P

11、ublished July 2011.January 2012. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E1316 11a. DOI:10.1520/E1316-11AB.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous v

12、ersion. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM Internat

13、ional, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E1316 11b22. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2NOTE 1This standard defines the terminology used in the standards prepared by Committtee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and published in theAnnual Book of AS

14、TM Standards, Volume 03.03.3. Significance and Use3.1 The terms found in this standard are intended to be used uniformly and consistently in all nondestructive testing standards.The purpose of this standard is to promote a clear understanding and interpretation of the NDT standards in which they are

15、 used.4. TerminologySection A: Common NDT TermsThe terms defined in Section A are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.92, Editorial Review.acceptable quality levelthe maximum percent defective or the maximum number of units defective per hundred units that, forthe purpose of sampling test,

16、 can be considered satisfactory as a process average.calibration, instrument, nthe comparison of an instrument with, or the adjustment of an instrument to, a known reference(s)often traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (See also standardization, instrument.)cogniza

17、nt engineering organizationthe company, government agency or other authority responsible for the design, or end use,of the material or component for which nondestructive testing is requiredDISCUSSIONIn addition to design personnel, the cognizant engineering organization could include personnel from

18、engineering, material and processengineering, stress analysis, nondestructive testing, quality assurance and others, as appropriate.defect, none or more flaws whose aggregate size, shape, orientation, location, or properties do not meet specified acceptancecriteria and are rejectable.discontinuity,

19、na lack of continuity or cohesion; an intentional or unintentional interruption in the physical structure orconfiguration of a material or component.evaluationdetermination of whether a relevant indication is cause to accept or to reject a material or component.examination, na procedure for determin

20、ing a property (or properties) or other conditions or characteristics of a material orcomponent by direct or indirect means.NOTE 2Examples include utilization of X-rays or ultrasonic waves for the purpose of determining (directly or by calculation) flaw content, density,or (for ultrasound) modulus;

21、or detection of flaws by induction of eddy currents, observing thermal behavior, AE response, or utilization of magneticparticles or liquid penetrants.false indication, nan NDT indication that is interpreted to be caused by a condition other than a discontinuity or imperfection.flaw, nan imperfectio

22、n or discontinuity that may be detectable by nondestructive testing and is not necessarily rejectable.flaw characterization, nthe process of quantifying the size, shape, orientation, location, growth, or other properties, of a flawbased on NDT response.imperfection, na departure of a quality charact

23、eristic from its intended condition.indicationthe response or evidence from a nondestructive examination.DISCUSSIONAn indication is determined by interpretation to be relevant, non-relevant, or false.inspection, nsee preferred term examination.interpretationthe determination of whether indications a

24、re relevant or nonrelevant.interpretation, nthe determination of whether indications are relevant, nonrelevant, or false.Nondestructive Evaluationsee Nondestructive Testing.Nondestructive Examinationsee Nondestructive Testing.Nondestructive Inspectionsee Nondestructive Testing.Nondestructive Testing

25、 (NDT), nthe development and application of technical methods to examine materials or componentsin ways that do not impair future usefulness and serviceability in order to detect, locate, measure and evaluate flaws; to assessintegrity, properties and composition; and to measure geometrical character

26、istics.nonrelevant indication, nan NDT indication that is caused by a condition or type of discontinuity that is not rejectable. Falseindications are non-relevant.reference standard, na material or object for which all relevant chemical and physical characteristics are known andmeasurable, used as a

27、 comparison for, or standardization of, equipment or instruments used for nondestructive testing. (See alsostandardization, instrument.)2For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume info

28、rmation, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.E1316 11b3relevant indication, nan NDT indication that is caused by a condition or type of discontinuity that requires evaluation.standard(1) a physical reference used as a basis for comparison or calibration; (2) a concept th

29、at has been established byauthority, custom, or agreement to serve as a model or rule in the measurement of quality or the establishment of a practice orprocedure.standardization, instrument, nthe adjustment of an NDT instrument using an appropriate reference standard, to obtain orestablish a known

30、and reproducible response. (This is usually done prior to an examination, but can be carried out anytime thereis concern about the examination or instrument response. (See also calibration, instrument.)test, nsee preferred term examination.Section B: Acoustic EmissionThe terms defined in Section B a

31、re the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic Emission Method.acoustic emission (AE)the class of phenomena whereby transient stress/displacement waves are generated by the rapid releaseof energy from localized sources within a material, or the transient waves so generated.NOTE 3Aco

32、ustic emission is the recommended term for general use. Other terms that have been used in AE literature include: (1) stress waveemission, (2) microseismic activity, and (3) emission or acoustic emission with other qualifying modifiers.acoustic emission channelsee channel, acoustic emission.acoustic

33、 emission count (emission count) (N)see count, acoustic emission.acoustic emission count ratesee count rate, acoustic emission (emission rate or count rate) (N).acoustic emission eventsee event, acoustic emission.acoustic emission event energysee energy, acoustic event.acoustic emission mechanism or

34、 acoustic emission source mechanisma dynamic process or combination of processesoccurring within a material, generating acoustic emission events. AE source mechanisms can be subdivided into severalcategories: material and mechanical, macroscopic and microscopic, primary and secondary.DISCUSSIONExamp

35、les of macroscopic material AE source mechanisms in metals are incremental crack advancements, plastic deformationdevelopment and fracture of inclusions. Friction and impacts are examples of mechanical AE. A crack advancement can be considered a primary AEmechanism while a resulting crack surface fr

36、iction can be considered as a secondary AE mechanism.acoustic emission sensorsee sensor, acoustic emission.acoustic emission signal amplitudesee signal amplitude, acoustic emission.acoustic emission signal (emission signal)see signal, acoustic emission.acoustic emission signature (signature)see sign

37、ature, acoustic emission.acoustic emission transducersee sensor, acoustic emission.acoustic emission waveguidesee waveguide, acoustic emission.acousto-ultrasonics (AU)a nondestructive examination method that uses induced stress waves to detect and assess diffuse defectstates, damage conditions, and

38、variations of mechanical properties of a test structure. The AU method combines aspects ofacoustic emission (AE) signal analysis with ultrasonic materials characterization techniques.adaptive locationsource location by iterative use of simulated sources in combination with computed location.AE activ

39、ity, nthe presence of acoustic emission during a test.AE amplitudesee dBAE.AE rms, nthe rectified, time averaged AE signal, measured on a linear scale and reported in volts.AE signal durationthe time between AE signal start and AE signal end.AE signal endthe recognized termination of an AE signal, u

40、sually defined as the last crossing of the threshold by that signal.AE signal generatora device which can repeatedly induce a specified transient signal into an AE instrument.AE signal rise timethe time between AE signal start and the peak amplitude of that AE signal.AE signal startthe beginning of

41、anAE signal as recognized by the system processor, usually defined by an amplitude excursionexceeding threshold.array, na group of two or more AE sensors positioned on a structure for the purposes of detecting and locating sources. Thesources would normally be within the array.arrival time interval

42、(Dtij)see interval, arrival time.attenuation, nthe decrease in AE amplitude per unit distance, normally expressed in dB per unit length. the gradual loss ofacoustic emission wave energy as a function of distance through absorption, scattering, diffraction and geometric spreading.DISCUSSIONAttenuatio

43、n can be measured as the decrease in AE amplitude or other AE signal parameter per unit distance.average signal level, nthe rectified, time averaged AE logarithmic signal, measured on the AE amplitude logarithmic scale andreported in dBaeunits (where 0 dBaerefers to 1 V at the preamplifier input).bu

44、rst emissionsee emission, burst.E1316 11b4channel, acoustic emissionan assembly of a sensor, preamplifier or impedance matching transformer, filters secondary amplifieror other instrumentation as needed, connecting cables, and detector or processor.NOTE 4A channel for examining fiberglass reinforced

45、 plastic (FRP) may utilize more than one sensor with associated electronics. Channels may beprocessed independently or in predetermined groups having similar sensitivity and frequency characteristics.continuous emissionsee emission, continuous.count, acoustic emission (emission count) (N)the number

46、of times the acoustic emission signal exceeds a preset thresholdduring any selected portion of a test.count, event (Ne)the number obtained by counting each discerned acoustic emission event once.count rate, acoustic emission (emission rate or count rate) (N) the time rate at which emission counts oc

47、cur.count, ring-downsee count, acoustic emission, the preferred term.couplanta material used at the structure-to-sensor interface to improve the transmission of acoustic energy across the interfaceduring acoustic emission monitoring.cumulative (acoustic emission) amplitude distribution F(V)see distr

48、ibution, amplitude, cumulative.cumulative (acoustic emission) threshold crossing distribution Ft(V)see distribution, threshold crossing, cumulative.dBAEa logarithmic measure of acoustic emission signal amplitude, referenced to 1 V at the sensor, before amplification.Signal peak amplitude dBAE! 5 dB1

49、V at sensor! 5 20 log10A1/A0! (1)where:A0= 1 V at the sensor (before amplification), andA1= peak voltage of the measured acoustic emission signal (also before amplification).Acoustic Emission Reference Scale:dBAEValue Voltage at Sensor0 1V20 10 V40 100 V60 1mV80 10 mV100 100 mVDISCUSSIONIn the case of sensors with integral preamplifiers, the AOreference is before internal amplification.dead timeany interval during data acquisition when the instrument or system is unable to accept new data for