ASTM E1316-2013a red 7500 Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations《无损检测的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation:E131613E131613a Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations 1 This standard is issued under the xed designation E1316; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in paren

2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. INDEXOFTERMS Section A: Common NDT Terms B: Acoustic Emission (AE) Terms C: Electromagnetic Testing (ET) Terms D: Gamma- and X-Radiologic Testing (RT) Terms E: L

3、eak Testing (LT) Terms F: Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT) Terms G: Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) Terms H: Neutron Radiologic Testing (NRT) Terms I: Ultrasonic Testing (UT) Terms J: Infrared Testing (IRT) Terms K: Holographic Testing (HT) Terms L: Visual Testing (VT) Terms 1. Scope 1.1 This standard d

4、enes the terminology used in the standards prepared by the E07 Committee on Nondestructive Testing. These nondestructive testing (NDT) methods include: acoustic emission, electromagnetic testing, gamma- and X-radiology, leak testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, neutron radio

5、logy and gauging, ultrasonic testing, and other technical methods. 1.2 Committee E07 recognizes that the terms examination, testing and inspection are commonly used as synonyms in nondestructivetesting.ForuniformityandconsistencyinE07nondestructivetestingstandards,CommitteeE07encouragestheuse of the

6、 term examination and its derivatives when describing the application of nondestructive test methods. There are, however, appropriateexceptionswhenthetermtestanditsderivativesmaybeusedtodescribetheapplicationofanondestructivetest,such as measurements which produce a numeric result (for example, when

7、 using the leak testing method to perform a leak test on a component, or an ultrasonic measurement of velocity). Additionally, the term test should be used when referring to the NDT method, that is, Radiologic Testing (RT), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), and so forth. (Example: Radiologic Testing (RT) is

8、often used to examine material to detect internal discontinuities.) 1.3 Section A denes terms that are common to multiple NDT methods, whereas, the subsequent sections dene terms pertaining to specic NDT methods. 1.4 As shown on the chart below, when nondestructive testing produces an indication, th

9、e indication is subject to interpretation as false, nonrelevant or relevant. If it has been interpreted as relevant, the necessary subsequent evaluation will result in the decision to accept or reject the material. With the exception of accept and reject, which retain the meaning found in most dicti

10、onaries, all the words used in the chart are dened in Section A. 1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.92 on Editorial Review. Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2013Feb. 15, 2013. Published February

11、 2013. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20122013 as E131612.E131613. DOI: 10.1520/E1316-13.10.1520/E1316-13A. This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous ve

12、rsion. Because it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately,ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document. Copyright ASTM Interna

13、tional, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States 1E131613a 22. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 NOTE 1This standard denes the terminology used in the standards prepared by Committtee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and published in the Annual Book o

14、f ASTM Standards, Volume 03.03. 3. Signicance and Use 3.1 The terms found in this standard are intended to be used uniformly and consistently in all nondestructive testing standards. The purpose of this standard is to promote a clear understanding and interpretation of the NDT standards in which the

15、y are used. 4. Terminology Section A: Common NDT Terms The terms dened in Section A are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.92, Editorial Review. acceptable quality levelthe maximum percent defective or the maximum number of units defective per hundred units that, for the purpose of sampli

16、ng test, can be considered satisfactory as a process average. calibration, instrument, nthe comparison of an instrument with, or the adjustment of an instrument to, a known reference(s) often traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (See also standardization, instrumen

17、t.) cognizantengineeringorganizationthecompany,governmentagencyorotherauthorityresponsibleforthedesign,orenduse, of the material or component for which nondestructive testing is required DISCUSSION In addition to design personnel, the cognizant engineering organization could include personnel from e

18、ngineering, material and process engineering, stress analysis, nondestructive testing, quality assurance and others, as appropriate. defect, none or more aws whose aggregate size, shape, orientation, location, or properties do not meet specied acceptance criteria and are rejectable. discontinuity, n

19、a lack of continuity or cohesion; an intentional or unintentional interruption in the physical structure or conguration of a material or component. evaluationdetermination of whether a relevant indication is cause to accept or to reject a material or component. examination, na procedure for determin

20、ing a property (or properties) or other conditions or characteristics of a material or component by direct or indirect means. NOTE 2Examples include utilization of X-rays or ultrasonic waves for the purpose of determining (directly or by calculation) aw content, density, or (for ultrasound) modulus;

21、 or detection of aws by induction of eddy currents, observing thermal behavior, AE response, or utilization of magnetic particles or liquid penetrants. false indication, nan NDT indication that is interpreted to be caused by a condition other than a discontinuity or imperfection. aw, nan imperfectio

22、n or discontinuity that may be detectable by nondestructive testing and is not necessarily rejectable. aw characterization, nthe process of quantifying the size, shape, orientation, location, growth, or other properties, of a aw based on NDT response. imperfection, na departure of a quality characte

23、ristic from its intended condition. indicationthe response or evidence from a nondestructive examination. DISCUSSION An indication is determined by interpretation to be relevant, non-relevant, or false. inspection, nsee preferred term examination. interpretationthe determination of whether indicatio

24、ns are relevant or nonrelevant. 2 ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatserviceastm.org.For Annual Book ofASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website. E131613a 3interpretation, nthe determinat

25、ion of whether indications are relevant, nonrelevant, or false. Nondestructive Evaluationsee Nondestructive Testing. Nondestructive Examinationsee Nondestructive Testing. Nondestructive Inspectionsee Nondestructive Testing. Nondestructive Testing (NDT), nthe development and application of technical

26、methods to examine materials or components in ways that do not impair future usefulness and serviceability in order to detect, locate, measure and evaluate aws; to assess integrity, properties and composition; and to measure geometrical characteristics. nonrelevant indication, nan NDT indication tha

27、t is caused by a condition or type of discontinuity that is not rejectable. False indications are non-relevant. reference standard, na material or object for which all relevant chemical and physical characteristics are known and measurable,usedasacomparisonfor,orstandardizationof,equipmentorinstrume

28、ntsusedfornondestructivetesting.(Seealso standardization, instrument.) relevant indication, nan NDT indication that is caused by a condition or type of discontinuity that requires evaluation. standard(1) a physical reference used as a basis for comparison or calibration; (2) a concept that has been

29、established by authority, custom, or agreement to serve as a model or rule in the measurement of quality or the establishment of a practice or procedure. standardization, instrument, nthe adjustment of an NDT instrument using an appropriate reference standard, to obtain or establishaknownandreproduc

30、ibleresponse.(Thisisusuallydonepriortoanexamination,butcanbecarriedoutanytimethere is concern about the examination or instrument response. (See also calibration, instrument.) test, nsee preferred term examination. Section B: Acoustic Emission The terms dened in Section B are the direct responsibili

31、ty of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic Emission Method. acousticemission(AE)the class of phenomena whereby transient stress/displacement waves are generated by the rapid release of energy from localized sources within a material, or the transient waves so generated. NOTE 3Acoustic emission is the rec

32、ommended term for general use. Other terms that have been used in AE literature include: (1) stress wave emission, (2) microseismic activity, and (3) emission or acoustic emission with other qualifying modiers. acoustic emission channelsee channel, acoustic emission. acoustic emission count (emissio

33、n count) (N)see count, acoustic emission. acoustic emission count ratesee count rate, acoustic emission (emission rate or count rate) (N). acoustic emission eventsee event, acoustic emission. acoustic emission event energysee energy, acoustic event. acoustic emission mechanism or acoustic emission s

34、ource mechanisma dynamic process or combination of processes occurring within a material, generating acoustic emission events. AE source mechanisms can be subdivided into several categories: material and mechanical, macroscopic and microscopic, primary and secondary. DISCUSSION Examplesofmacroscopic

35、materialAEsourcemechanismsinmetalsareincrementalcrackadvancements,plasticdeformationdevelopmentandfracture ofinclusions.FrictionandimpactsareexamplesofmechanicalAE.AcrackadvancementcanbeconsideredaprimaryAEmechanismwhilearesulting crack surface friction can be considered as a secondary AE mechanism.

36、 acoustic emission sensorsee sensor, acoustic emission. acoustic emission signal amplitudesee signal amplitude, acoustic emission. acoustic emission signal (emission signal)see signal, acoustic emission. acoustic emission signature (signature)see signature, acoustic emission. acoustic emission trans

37、ducersee sensor, acoustic emission. acoustic emission waveguidesee waveguide, acoustic emission. acousto-ultrasonics(AU)anondestructiveexaminationmethodthatusesinducedstresswavestodetectandassessdiffusedefect states, damage conditions, and variations of mechanical properties of a test structure. The

38、 AU method combines aspects of acoustic emission (AE) signal analysis with ultrasonic materials characterization techniques. adaptive locationsource location by iterative use of simulated sources in combination with computed location. AE activity, nthe presence of acoustic emission during a test. E1

39、31613a 4AE amplitudesee dB AE . AE rms, nthe rectied, time averaged AE signal, measured on a linear scale and reported in volts. AE signal durationthe time between AE signal start and AE signal end. AE signal endthe recognized termination of anAE signal, usually dened as the last crossing of the thr

40、eshold by that signal. AE signal generatora device which can repeatedly induce a specied transient signal into an AE instrument. AE signal rise timethe time between AE signal start and the peak amplitude of that AE signal. AEsignalstartthebeginningofanAEsignalasrecognizedbythesystemprocessor,usually

41、denedbyanamplitudeexcursion exceeding threshold. array, na group of two or more AE sensors positioned on a structure for the purposes of detecting and locating sources. The sources would normally be within the array. arrival time interval (Dt ij )see interval, arrival time. attenuation, nthe gradual

42、 loss of acoustic emission wave energy as a function of distance through absorption, scattering, diffraction and geometric spreading. DISCUSSION Attenuation can be measured as the decrease in AE amplitude or other AE signal parameter per unit distance. average signal level, nthe rectied, time averag

43、edAE logarithmic signal, measured on theAE amplitude logarithmic scale and reported in dB ae units (where 0 dB ae refers to 1 V at the preamplier input). burst emissionsee emission, burst. channel,acousticemissionanassemblyofasensor,preamplierorimpedancematchingtransformer,lterssecondaryamplier or o

44、ther instrumentation as needed, connecting cables, and detector or processor. NOTE 4Achannel for examining berglass reinforced plastic (FRP) may utilize more than one sensor with associated electronics. Channels may be processed independently or in predetermined groups having similar sensitivity and

45、 frequency characteristics. continuous emissionsee emission, continuous. count, acoustic emission (emission count) (N)the number of times the acoustic emission signal exceeds a preset threshold during any selected portion of a test. count, event (N e )the number obtained by counting each discerned a

46、coustic emission event once. count rate, acoustic emission (emission rate or count rate) (N) the time rate at which emission counts occur. count, ring-downsee count, acoustic emission, the preferred term. couplanta material used at the structure-to-sensor interface to improve the transmission of aco

47、ustic energy across the interface during acoustic emission monitoring. cumulative (acoustic emission) amplitude distribution F(V)see distribution, amplitude, cumulative. cumulative (acoustic emission) threshold crossing distribution F t (V)see distribution, threshold crossing, cumulative. dB AE a lo

48、garithmic measure of acoustic emission signal amplitude, referenced to 1 V at the sensor, before amplication. SignalpeakamplitudedB AE !5 dB 1V at sensor! 520log 10 A 1 /A 0 ! (1) where: A 0 = 1 V at the sensor (before amplication), and A 1 = peak voltage of the measured acoustic emission signal (al

49、so before amplication). Acoustic Emission Reference Scale: dB AE Value Voltage at Sensor 0 1 V 20 10 V 40 100 V 60 1 mV 80 10 mV 100 100 mV DISCUSSION E131613a 5In the case of sensors with integral preampliers, the A O reference is before internal amplication. dead timeany interval during data acquisition when the instrument or system is unable to accept new data for any reason. differential (acoustic emission) amplitude distribution F(V)see distribution, diffe