ASTM E1316-2016 Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations《无损检测的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: E1316 15aE1316 16Standard Terminology forNondestructive Examinations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1316; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par

2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INDEX OF TERMSSectionA: Common NDT TermsB: Acoustic Emission (AE) TermsC: Electromagnetic Testing (ET) TermsD: Gamma- and X-Radiologic Testing (RT) TermsE: Leak

3、 Testing (LT) TermsF: Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT) TermsG: Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) TermsH: Neutron Radiologic Testing (NRT) TermsI: Ultrasonic Testing (UT) TermsJ: Infrared Testing (IRT) TermsK: Holographic Testing (HT) TermsL: Visual Testing (VT) Terms1. Scope1.1 This standard defines the t

4、erminology used in the standards prepared by the E07 Committee on Nondestructive Testing.These nondestructive testing (NDT) methods include: acoustic emission, electromagnetic testing, gamma- and X-radiology, leaktesting, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, neutron radiology and gau

5、ging, ultrasonic testing, and other technicalmethods.1.2 Committee E07 recognizes that the terms examination, testing and inspection are commonly used as synonyms innondestructive testing. For uniformity and consistency in E07 nondestructive testing standards, Committee E07 encourages the useof the

6、term examination and its derivatives when describing the application of nondestructive test methods. There are, however,appropriate exceptions when the term test and its derivatives may be used to describe the application of a nondestructive test, suchas measurements which produce a numeric result (

7、for example, when using the leak testing method to perform a leak test on acomponent, or an ultrasonic measurement of velocity). Additionally, the term test should be used when referring to the NDTmethod, that is, Radiologic Testing (RT), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), and so forth. (Example: Radiologic T

8、esting (RT) is often usedto examine material to detect internal discontinuities.)1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple NDT methods, whereas, the subsequent sections define termspertaining to specific NDT methods.1.4 As shown on the chart below, when nondestructive testing produces

9、an indication, the indication is subject to interpretationas false, nonrelevant or relevant. If it has been interpreted as relevant, the necessary subsequent evaluation will result in thedecision to accept or reject the material. With the exception of accept and reject, which retain the meaning foun

10、d in mostdictionaries, all the words used in the chart are defined in Section A.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.92 on Editorial Review.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015Feb. 1, 2016. Publi

11、shed December 2015February 2016. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2015 asE1316 15.E1316 15a. DOI: 10.1520/E1316-15A.10.1520/E1316-16.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have bee

12、n made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document

13、.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2NOTE 1This standard defines the terminology used in the standards prepared by Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and published in theAnnu

14、al Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 03.03.3. Significance and Use3.1 The terms found in this standard are intended to be used uniformly and consistently in all nondestructive testing standards.The purpose of this standard is to promote a clear understanding and interpretation of the NDT standards in w

15、hich they are used.4. TerminologySection A: Common NDT TermsThe terms defined in Section A are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.92, Editorial Review.acceptable quality levelthe maximum percent defective or the maximum number of units defective per hundred units that, forthe purpose of s

16、ampling test, can be considered satisfactory as a process average.calibration, instrument, nthe comparison of an instrument with, or the adjustment of an instrument to, a known reference(s)often traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (See also standardization, instru

17、ment.)cognizant engineering organizationthe company, government agency or other authority responsible for the design, or end use,of the material or component for which nondestructive testing is required.DISCUSSIONIn addition to design personnel, the cognizant engineering organization could include p

18、ersonnel from engineering, material and process engineering,stress analysis, nondestructive testing, quality assurance and others, as appropriate.defect, none or more flaws whose aggregate size, shape, orientation, location, or properties do not meet specified acceptancecriteria and are rejectable.d

19、iscontinuity, na lack of continuity or cohesion; an intentional or unintentional interruption in the physical structure orconfiguration of a material or component.evaluationdetermination of whether a relevant indication is cause to accept or to reject a material or component.examination, na procedur

20、e for determining a property (or properties) or other conditions or characteristics of a material orcomponent by direct or indirect means.DISCUSSIONExamples include utilization of X-rays or ultrasonic waves for the purpose of determining (directly or by calculation) flaw content, density, or (forult

21、rasound) modulus; or detection of flaws by induction of eddy currents, observing thermal behavior,AE response, or utilization of magnetic particlesor liquid penetrants.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual

22、Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.E1316 162false indication, nan NDT indication that is interpreted to be caused by a condition other than a discontinuity or imperfection.flaw, nan imperfection or discontinuity that may be dete

23、ctable by nondestructive testing and is not necessarily rejectable.flaw characterization, nthe process of quantifying the size, shape, orientation, location, growth, or other properties, of a flawbased on NDT response.imperfection, na departure of a quality characteristic from its intended condition

24、.indicationthe response or evidence from a nondestructive examination.DISCUSSIONAn indication is determined by interpretation to be relevant, non-relevant, or false.inspection, nsee preferred term examination.interpretationthe determination of whether indications are relevant or nonrelevant.interpre

25、tation, nthe determination of whether indications are relevant, nonrelevant, or false.Nondestructive Evaluationsee Nondestructive Testing.Nondestructive Examinationsee Nondestructive Testing.Nondestructive Inspectionsee Nondestructive Testing.Nondestructive Testing (NDT), nthe development and applic

26、ation of technical methods to examine materials or componentsin ways that do not impair future usefulness and serviceability in order to detect, locate, measure and evaluate flaws; to assessintegrity, properties and composition; and to measure geometrical characteristics.nonrelevant indication, nan

27、NDT indication that is caused by a condition or type of discontinuity that is not rejectable. Falseindications are non-relevant.reference standard, na material or object for which all relevant chemical and physical characteristics are known andmeasurable, used as a comparison for, or standardization

28、 of, equipment or instruments used for nondestructive testing. (See alsostandardization, instrument.)relevant indication, nan NDT indication that is caused by a condition or type of discontinuity that requires evaluation.standard(1) a physical reference used as a basis for comparison or calibration;

29、 (2) a concept that has been established byauthority, custom, or agreement to serve as a model or rule in the measurement of quality or the establishment of a practice orprocedure.standardization, instrument, nthe adjustment of an NDT instrument using an appropriate reference standard, to obtain ore

30、stablish a known and reproducible response. (This is usually done prior to an examination, but can be carried out anytime thereis concern about the examination or instrument response.response.) (See also calibration, instrument.)test, nsee preferred term examination.Section B: Acoustic EmissionThe t

31、erms defined in Section B are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic Emission Method.acoustic emission (AE)the class of phenomena whereby transient stress/displacement waves are generated by the rapid releaseof energy from localized sources within a material, or the transient w

32、aves so generated.DISCUSSIONAcoustic emission is the recommended term for general use. Other terms that have been used in AE literature include: (1) stress wave emission, (2)microseismic activity, and (3) emission or acoustic emission with other qualifying modifiers.acoustic emission channelsee chan

33、nel, acoustic emission.acoustic emission count (emission count) (N)see count, acoustic emission.acoustic emission count ratesee count rate, acoustic emission (emission rate or count rate) (N).acoustic emission eventsee event, acoustic emission.acoustic emission event energysee energy, acoustic event

34、.acoustic emission mechanism or acoustic emission source mechanisma dynamic process or combination of processesoccurring within a material, generating acoustic emission events. AE source mechanisms can be subdivided into severalcategories: material and mechanical, macroscopic and microscopic, primar

35、y and secondary.E1316 163DISCUSSIONExamples of macroscopic materialAE source mechanisms in metals are incremental crack advancements, plastic deformation development and fractureof inclusions. Friction and impacts are examples of mechanicalAE.Acrack advancement can be considered a primaryAE mechanis

36、m while a resultingcrack surface friction can be considered as a secondary AE mechanism.acoustic emission sensorsee sensor, acoustic emission.acoustic emission signal amplitudesee signal amplitude, acoustic emission.acoustic emission signal (emission signal)see signal, acoustic emission.acoustic emi

37、ssion signature (signature)see signature, acoustic emission.acoustic emission transducersee sensor, acoustic emission.acoustic emission waveguidesee waveguide, acoustic emission.acousto-ultrasonics (AU)a nondestructive examination method that uses induced stress waves to detect and assess diffuse de

38、fectstates, damage conditions, and variations of mechanical properties of a test structure. The AU method combines aspects ofacoustic emission (AE) signal analysis with ultrasonic materials characterization techniques.active sourceone which exhibits increasing cumulative AE activity with increasing

39、or constant stimulus.adaptive locationsource location by iterative use of simulated sources in combination with computed location.AE activity, nthe presence of acoustic emission during a test.AE amplitudesee dBAE.AE rms, nthe rectified, time averaged AE signal, measured on a linear scale and reporte

40、d in volts.AE signal durationthe time between AE signal start and AE signal end.AE signal endthe recognized termination of an AE signal, usually defined as the last crossing of the threshold by that signal.AE signal generatora device which can repeatedly induce a specified transient signal into an A

41、E instrument.AE signal rise timethe time between AE signal start and the peak amplitude of that AE signal.AE signal startthe beginning of anAE signal as recognized by the system processor, usually defined by an amplitude excursionexceeding threshold.AE source intensityaverage energy, counts or ampli

42、tude per hit.array, na group of two or more AE sensors positioned on a structure for the purposes of detecting and locating sources. Thesources would normally be within the array.arrival time interval (tij)see interval, arrival time.attenuation, nthe gradual loss of acoustic emission wave energy as

43、a function of distance through absorption, scattering,diffraction and geometric spreading.DISCUSSIONAttenuation can be measured as the decrease in AE amplitude or other AE signal parameter per unit distance.average signal level, nthe rectified, time averaged AE logarithmic signal, measured on the AE

44、 amplitude logarithmic scale andreported in dBae units (where 0 dBae refers to 1 V at the preamplifier input).burst emissionsee emission, burst.channel, acoustic emissionan assembly of a sensor, preamplifier or impedance matching transformer, filters secondary amplifieror other instrumentation as ne

45、eded, connecting cables, and detector or processor.DISCUSSIONA channel for examining fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) may utilize more than one sensor with associated electronics. Channels may be processedindependently or in predetermined groups having similar sensitivity and frequency characteri

46、stics.continuous emissionsee emission, continuous.count, acoustic emission (emission count) (N)the number of times the acoustic emission signal exceeds a preset thresholdduring any selected portion of a test.count, event (Ne)the number obtained by counting each discerned acoustic emission event once

47、.E1316 164count rate, acoustic emission (emission rate or count rate) (N) the time rate at which emission counts occur.count, ring-downsee count, acoustic emission, the preferred term.couplanta material used at the structure-to-sensor interface to improve the transmission of acoustic energy across t

48、he interfaceduring acoustic emission monitoring.critically active sourceone which exhibits an increasing rate of change of cumulative AE activity with increasing or constantstimulus.critically intense sourceone in which theAE source intensity consistently increases with increasing stimulus or with t

49、ime underconstant stimulus.cumulative (acoustic emission) amplitude distribution F(V)see distribution, amplitude, cumulative.cumulative (acoustic emission) threshold crossing distribution Ft(V)see distribution, threshold crossing, cumulative.dBAEa logarithmic measure of acoustic emission signal amplitude, referenced to 1 V at the sensor, before amplification.Signal peak amplitudedBAE!5dB1V at sensor!520 log10A1/A0! (1)where:A0 = 1 V at the sensor (before amplification), andA1 = peak voltage