ASTM E1321-2008 Standard Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and Flame Spread Properties.pdf

1、Designation: E 1321 08An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermining Material Ignition and Flame Spread Properties1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of

2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This fire test response standard determines materialproperties related to piloted ignition of a

3、 vertically orientedsample under a constant and uniform heat flux and to lateralflame spread on a vertical surface due to an externally appliedradiant-heat flux.1.2 The results of this test method provide a minimumsurface flux and temperature necessary for ignition ( q9o,ig, Tig)and for lateral spre

4、ad ( q9o,s, Ts,min), an effective materialthermal inertia value (krc), and a flame-heating parameter (F)pertinent to lateral flame spread.1.3 The results of this test method are potentially useful topredict the time to ignition, tig, and the velocity, V, of lateralflame spread on a vertical surface

5、under a specified externalflux without forced lateral airflow. Use the equations inAppendix X1 that govern the ignition and flame-spread pro-cesses and which have been used to correlate the data.1.4 This test method is potentially useful to obtain results ofignition and flame spread for materials. D

6、ata are reported inunits for convenient use in current fire growth models.1.5 SI units are used throughout the standard.1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate

7、all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establis

8、h appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE 162 Test Method for Su

9、rface Flammability of MaterialsUsing a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 286 Method of Test for Surface Flammability of BuildingMaterials Using an 8-ft. (2.44 m) Tunnel Furnace3E 648 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Ene

10、rgy SourceE 970 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of ExposedAttic Floor Insulation Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE 1317 Test Method for Flammability of Marine SurfaceFinishes2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:ASTMDetailed drawings (19), construction information, and partslist (Adjunct to E 1317)43. Terminolo

11、gy3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology E 176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 backing board, na noncombustible insulating board,mounted behind the specimen during actual testing to satisfythe theoretical analysis assumption of

12、no heat loss through thespecimen. It shall be roughly 25 6 5 mm thick with a densityno greater than 200 6 50 kg/m3.3.2.2 dummy specimen, na noncombustible insulatingboard used for standardizing the operating condition of theequipment, roughly 20 6 5 mm in thickness with a density of750 6 100 kg/m3.1

13、This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on SurfaceBurning.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008. Published January 2008. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as E 1321 97a(

14、2002)e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order A

15、DJE1317.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe dummy specimen is mounted inthe apparatus in the position of the test specimen and removedonly when a test specimen is to be inserted. For the ignitiontest

16、s, the dummy specimen board shall have a hole at the50-mm position for mounting the fluxmeter.3.2.3 effective thermal property, nthermal properties de-rived from heat-conduction theory applied to ignition/ flame-spread data treating the material as homogenous in structure.3.2.4 mirror assembly, na m

17、irror, marked and alignedwith the viewing rakes, used as an aid for quickly identifyingand tracking the flame-front progress.3.2.5 special calibration board, na specially assemblednoncombustible insulating board used for standardizing theoperating condition of the equipment which is used only tomeas

18、ure the flux distribution at specified intervals along thespecimen surface. It shall be roughly 206 5 mm in thicknesswith a density of 750 6 100 kg/m3.3.2.6 thermally thick, nthe thickness of a medium that islarge enough to have the predominate thermal (temperature)effects experienced within that di

19、stance, that is, negligible heatis lost from its unexposed side.3.2.7 thermal operating level, nthe operating condition atwhich the radiance of the heat source produces a specifiedconstant heat flux to some specified position at the specimensurface.3.2.8 viewing rakes, na set of bars with wires spac

20、ed at50-mm intervals for the purpose of increasing the precision oftiming flame-front progress along the specimen.3.3 Symbols:Symbols:b = ignition correlation parameter, s1/2.C = flame heat transfer factor, ms/2/kWs1/2.CF = ratio of radiation pyrometer signal to flux inci-dent on dummy specimen as m

21、easured duringcalibration; a linear correlation is assumed, mV/(kW/m2).F(t) = specimen thermal response function.F(x) = surface flux configuration invariant, (kW/m2)/mV.h = heat loss coefficient, kW/m2K.q9e= measured incident flux, kW/m2.q9o,ig = critical flux for ignition, kW/m2.q9o,s = critical fl

22、ux for spread, kW/m2.t = time, s.t* = characteristic equilibrium time, s.t1= time at sample insertion, s.t2= time at ignition, s.tig= ignition time under incident flux, s.Tig= ignition temperature, C.Ts, min= minimum temperature for spread, C.T= ambient and initial temperature, C.V = flame (pyrolysi

23、s front) velocity, m/s.x = longitudinal position along centerline of speci-men, m.F = flame heating parameter, (kW)2/m3.krc = thermal heating property, (kW/m2K)2s.e = surface emissivity.s = Stefan-Boltzmann constant, kW/m2K4.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of two procedures; o

24、ne tomeasure ignition and one to measure lateral-flame spread.Vertically mounted specimens are exposed to the heat from avertical air-gas fueled radiant-heat energy source inclined at15 to the specimen (see Fig. 1).4.1.1 For the ignition test, a series of 155, + 0, 5 mm by155, + 0, 5 mm specimens (s

25、ee Fig. 1) are exposed to anearly uniform heat flux (see Fig. 2) and the time to flameattachment, using piloted ignition (see Fig. 3), is determined.4.1.2 For the flame spread test, a 155, + 0, 5 mm by800, + 0, 5 mm specimen (see Fig. 1) is exposed to agraduated heat flux (see Fig. 2) that is approx

26、imately 5 kW/m2higher at the hot end than the minimum heat flux necessary forignition; this flux being determined from the ignition test (see11.2). The specimen is preheated to thermal equilibrium; thepreheat time being derived from the ignition test (see 12.1).After using piloted ignition, the pyro

27、lyzing flame-front pro-gression along the horizontal length of the specimen as afunction of time is tracked. The data are correlated with atheory of ignition and flame spread for the derivation ofmaterial flammability properties.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method addresses the fundamental a

28、spects ofpiloted ignition and flame spread. The procedure is suitable forthe derivation of relevant material flammability parameters thatinclude minimum exposure levels for ignition, thermal-inertiavalues, and flame-spread properties.5.2 This test method is used to measure some material-flammability

29、 properties that are scientifically constant andcompatible and to derive specific properties that allow theprediction and explanation of the flame-spread characteristicsof materials. They are considered effective properties that aredependent on the correlations used and when combined withtheory can

30、be used over a wide range of fire conditions forpredicting material ignition and flame-spread behavior.5.3 Do not use this test method for products that do not haveplanar, or nearly planar, external surfaces and those productsand assemblies in which physical performance such as jointseparation and f

31、astening methods has a significant influence onflame propagation in actual fire conditions.FIG. 1 Schematic of Apparatus With Ignition SpecimenE13210825.4 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one ormore specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different testconditions are substit

32、uted or the end-use conditions arechanged, it is not always possible by or from this test methodto predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristicsmeasured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire testexposure conditions described in this procedure (see also 1.6).6. Apparatus6.1

33、Test-Equipment FabricationFig. 4 shows a photo-graph of the equipment as assembled ready for test. Figs. 5 and6 show schematics of the apparatus.4These provide engineer-ing information necessary for the fabrication of the mainframe, specimen holders, stack, and other necessary parts ofthe equipment.

34、 Some commercially available units have addedsafety features that are not described in the drawings.NOTE 1The specimen fume stack available in some commercialmodels is not required for this test procedure.6.2 A brief parts list for the test-equipment assembly in-cludes:6.2.1 Main Frame (see Fig. 5),

35、 consisting of two separatesections, the radiant-panel support frame and the specimensupport frame. The two frame sections shall be joined in amanner that allows adjustments in the relative position of theradiant panel to the specimen to be made easily.6.2.2 Specimen Holders, to provide for support

36、of thespecimen during test; at least two of these are required, andthree prevent delays resulting from required cooling of holdersprior to mounting specimens.6.2.3 Radiant Panel, consisting of a radiation surface ofporous refractory tiles mounted at the front of a stainless steelFIG. 2 Normalized Fl

37、ux Over SpecimenNOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres.FIG. 3 Pilot Configuration for Ignition TestFIG. 4 General View of ApparatusE1321083plenum chamber to provide a flat radiating surface of approxi-mately 280 by 483 mm. The plenum chamber shall includebaffle plates and diffusers to distribute th

38、e gas/air mixtureevenly over the radiation surface. The gas/air mixture entersthe plenum chamber at one of the short sides to facilitate easyconnection when the panel is mounted from the frame. Areverberatory screen (see Fig. 6) is provided immediately infront of the radiating surface to enhance the

39、 combustionefficiency and increase the radiant output.6.2.4 Air and Fuel Supply, to support combustion of theradiant panel. The appropriate air and fuel flow-meteringdevices, gas control valves, pressure reducer, and safetycontrols are all mounted on the panel support frame (see Fig.5). Requirements

40、 are as follows:6.2.4.1 Aregulated air supply of about 8.33 by 103m3/s ata pressure sufficient to overcome the friction loss through theline, metering device, and radiant panel; the radiant-panelpressure drop amounts to approximately 20 to 30 Pa. Aflowmeter suitable for indicating air flow over the

41、range of 2 to15 by 103m3/s shall be provided. A flowmeter suitable forindicating methane flow rates over the range of 0.1 to 1.1 by103m3/s shall be provided.6.2.4.2 The fuel gas used shall be either natural gas ormethane. A pressure regulator shall be provided to maintain aconstant supply pressure.

42、Gas is controlled by either a manu-ally adjusted needle valve or a venturi mixer.The venturi mixerwill allow one to control the flux level of the panel by adjustingonly the air valve. The fuel gas-flow requirements are roughly0.26 to 1.03 by 103m3/s at a pressure sufficient to overcomeline pressure

43、losses.NOTE 2If a venturi mixer is used, the regulated air and fuel gas supplyshall be sufficient for efficient operation of the venturi mixer.6.2.5 The Specimen Holder Support Frame Guides, PilotFlame Holder, Fume Stack (optional), Flame Front ViewingRakes, Radiation Pyrometer, and Mirror are all a

44、ssembled onthe specimen support frame. The arrangement of parts on thisframe is shown in Figs. 4-6.6.2.6 Dummy Specimen, of noncombustible insulating boardof the thickness and density specified in the test procedure,shall be mounted on the apparatus in the position of thespecimen except during actua

45、l testing or calibration.6.3 Instrumentation:6.3.1 Total Radiation Pyrometer, compensated for its tem-perature variation and having a nominal sensitivity between thethermal wavelengths of 1 and 9 m that shall view a centrallylocated area on the radiant panel of about 150 by 300 mm. Theinstrument sha

46、ll be securely mounted on the specimen supportframe in such a manner that it can view the radiant panelsurface oriented for specimens in the vertical position.6.3.2 Heat FluxmetersHave available at least threefluxmeters for this test method. One of these shall be retainedas a laboratory reference st

47、andard. The fluxmeters shall be ofthe thermopile type with a nominal range of 0 to 50 kW/m2andhave a sensitivity of approximately 10 mV at 50 kW/m2. Theyshall have been calibrated to an accuracy of 5 % over thisrange. The time constant of these instruments shall not be morethan 290 ms (corresponding

48、 to a time to reach 95 % of finaloutput of not more than 1 s). The target sensing the applied fluxshall occupy an area not more than 4 by 4 mm and be locatedflush with and at the center of the water-cooled 25-mm circularexposed metallic end of the fluxmeter. If fluxmeters of smallerdiameters are to

49、be used, these shall be inserted into a coppersleeve of 25-mm outside diameter in such a way that goodthermal contact is maintained between the sleeve and water-cooled fluxmeter body. The end of the sleeve and exposedsurface of the fluxmeter shall lie in the same plane. Radiationshall not pass through any window before reaching the target.6.3.3 Timing Devices, such as a chronograph, a digitalclock, a stopwatch, a tape recorder, a data acquisition/computersystem, or video camera shall be used to measure the times ofignition and flame-front ad