ASTM E1321-2013 Standard Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and Flame Spread Properties《测得定材料引燃和火焰蔓延性能的标准试验方法》.pdf

1、Designation: E1321 09E1321 13 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermining Material Ignition and Flame Spread Properties1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c

2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This fire test response standard determines material properties related to piloted igniti

3、on of a vertically oriented sampleunder a constant and uniform heat flux and to lateral flame spread on a vertical surface due to an externally applied radiant-heatflux.1.2 The results of this test method provide a minimum surface flux and temperature necessary for ignition (q“o,ig, Tig) and forlate

4、ral spread (q“o,s, Ts,min), an effective material thermal inertia value (kc), and a flame-heating parameter () pertinent to lateralflame spread.1.3 The results of this test method are potentially useful to predict the time to ignition, t ig, and the velocity, V, of lateral flamespread on a vertical

5、surface under a specified external flux without forced lateral airflow. Use the equations in Appendix X1 thatgovern the ignition and flame-spread processes and which have been used to correlate the data.1.4 This test method is potentially useful to obtain results of ignition and flame spread for mat

6、erials. Data are reported in unitsfor convenient use in current fire growth models.1.5 The values stated in SI units are used throughout the standard.to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurementare included in this standard.1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response

7、of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all

8、of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.1.8 Fire testing is

9、inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting thesetests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building MaterialsE162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant H

10、eat Energy SourceE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE286 Test Method for Surface Flammability of Building Materials Using an 8-ft (2.44-m) Tunnel Furnace (Withdrawn 1991)3E648 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE970 Test Method for Critic

11、al Radiant Flux of Exposed Attic Floor Insulation Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE1317 Test Method for Flammability of Marine Surface Finishes2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:ASTMDetailed drawings (19), construction information, and parts list (Adjunct to E1317)41 This test method is under the jurisdiction of A

12、STM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on Surface Burning.Current edition approved May 1, 2009Oct. 1, 2013. Published September 2009October 2013. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20082009as E1321 08.E1321 09. DOI: 10.

13、1520/E1321-09.10.1520/E1321-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of

14、 this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order ADJE1317.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be tec

15、hnically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO

16、 Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology E176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 backing board, na noncombustible insulating board, mounted behind the specimen

17、 during actual testing to satisfy thetheoretical analysis assumption of no heat loss through the specimen. It shall be roughly 25 6 5 mm thick with a density no greaterthan 200 6 50 kg/m3.3.2.2 dummy specimen, na noncombustible insulating board used for stabilizing the operating condition of the equ

18、ipment,roughly 20 6 5 mm in thickness with a density of 750 6 100 kg/m3.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe dummy specimen is mounted in the apparatus in the position of the test specimen and removed only when a test specimenis to be inserted. For the ignition tests, the dummy specimen board shall have a hole at

19、the 50-mm position, for mounting thefluxmeter.3.2.3 effective thermal property, nthermal properties derived from heat-conduction theory applied to ignition/ flame-spreaddata treating the material as homogenous in structure.3.2.4 mirror assembly, na mirror, marked and aligned with the viewing rakes,

20、used as an aid for quickly identifying andtracking the flame-front progress.3.2.5 special calibration board, na specially assembled noncombustible insulating board used for standardizing the operatingcondition of the equipment which is used only to measure the flux distribution at specified interval

21、s along the specimen surface.It shall be roughly 206 5 mm in thickness with a density of 750 6 100 kg/m3.3.2.6 thermally thick, nthe thickness of a medium that is large enough to have the predominate thermal (temperature) effectsexperienced within that distance, that is, negligible heat is lost from

22、 its unexposed side.3.2.7 thermal operating level, nthe operating condition at which the radiance of the heat source produces a specified constantheat flux to some specified position at the specimen surface.3.2.8 viewing rakes, na set of bars with wires spaced at 50-mm intervals for the purpose of i

23、ncreasing the precision of timingflame-front progress along the specimen.3.3 Symbols:b = ignition correlation parameter, s1/2.C = flame heat transfer factor, ms/2/kWs1/2.CF = ratio of radiation pyrometer signal to flux incident on dummy specimen as measured during calibration; a linearcorrelation is

24、 assumed, mV/(kW/m2).F(t) = specimen thermal response function.F(x) = surface flux configuration invariant, (kW/m2)/mV.h = heat loss coefficient, kW/m2K.q“e = measured incident flux, kW/m2.q“o,ig = critical flux for ignition, kW/m2.q“o,s = critical flux for spread, kW/m2.t = time, s.t* = characteris

25、tic equilibrium time, s.t1 = time at sample insertion, s.t2 = time at ignition, s.tig = ignition time under incident flux, s.Tig = ignition temperature, C.Ts, min = minimum temperature for spread, C.T = ambient and initial temperature, C.V = flame (pyrolysis front) velocity, m/s.x = longitudinal pos

26、ition along centerline of specimen, m. = flame heating parameter, (kW)2/m3.kc = thermal heating property, (kW/m2K)2 s. = surface emissivity. = Stefan-Boltzmann constant, kW/m2K4.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of two procedures; one to measure ignition and one to measure later

27、al-flame spread. Verticallymounted specimens are exposed to the heat from a vertical air-gas fueled radiant-heat energy source inclined at 15 to the specimen(see Fig. 1).E1321 1324.1.1 For the ignition test, a series of 155, + 0, 5 mm by 155, + 0, 5 mm specimens (see Fig. 1) are exposed to a nearlyu

28、niform heat flux (see Fig. 2) and the time to flame attachment, using piloted ignition (see Fig. 3), is determined.4.1.2 For the flame spread test, a 155, + 0, 5 mm by 800, + 0, 5 mm specimen (see Fig. 1) is exposed to a graduated heatflux (see Fig. 2) that is approximately 5 kW/m2 higher at the hot

29、 end than the minimum heat flux necessary for ignition; this fluxbeing determined from the ignition test (see 11.2). The specimen is preheated to thermal equilibrium; the preheat time beingderived from the ignition test (see 12.1). After using piloted ignition, the pyrolyzing flame-front progression

30、 along the horizontallength of the specimen as a function of time is tracked. The data are correlated with a theory of ignition and flame spread for thederivation of material flammability properties.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method addresses the fundamental aspects of piloted ignition and

31、 flame spread. The procedure is suitable for thederivation of relevant material flammability parameters that include minimum exposure levels for ignition, thermal-inertia values,and flame-spread properties.5.2 This test method is used to measure some material-flammability properties that are scienti

32、fically constant and compatibleand to derive specific properties that allow the prediction and explanation of the flame-spread characteristics of materials. Theyare considered effective properties that are dependent on the correlations used and when combined with theory can be used overa wide range

33、of fire conditions for predicting material ignition and flame-spread behavior.5.3 Do not use this test method for products that do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces and those products andassemblies in which physical performance such as joint separation and fastening methods has a

34、significant influence on flamepropagation in actual fire conditions.5.4 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different testconditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from t

35、his test method to predictchanges in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditionsdescribed in this procedure (see also 1.6).FIG. 1 Schematic of Apparatus With Ignition SpecimenFIG. 2 Normalized Flux Over SpecimenE1321 13

36、36. Apparatus6.1 Test-Equipment FabricationFig. 4 shows a photograph of the equipment as assembled ready for test. Figs. 5 and 6 showFIG. 4 General View of ApparatusNOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres.FIG. 3 Pilot Configuration for Ignition TestFIG. 5 Test Apparatus Main Frame, Front ViewE1321 1

37、34schematics of the apparatus.4 These provide engineering information necessary for the fabrication of the main frame, specimenholders, stack, and other necessary parts of the equipment. Some commercially available units have added safety features that arenot described in the drawings.NOTE 1The spec

38、imen fume stack available in some commercial models is not required for this test procedure.6.2 A brief parts list for the test-equipment assembly includes:6.2.1 Main Frame (see Fig. 5), consisting of two separate sections, the radiant-panel support frame and the specimen supportframe. The two frame

39、 sections shall be joined in a manner that allows adjustments in the relative position of the radiant panel tothe specimen to be made easily.6.2.2 Specimen Holders, to provide for support of the specimen during test; at least two of these are required, and three preventdelays resulting from required

40、 cooling of holders prior to mounting specimens.6.2.3 Radiant Panel, consisting of a radiation surface of porous refractory tiles mounted at the front of a stainless steel plenumchamber to provide a flat radiating surface of approximately 280 by 483 mm. The plenum chamber shall include baffle plates

41、 anddiffusers to distribute the gas/air mixture evenly over the radiation surface. The gas/air mixture enters the plenum chamber at oneof the short sides to facilitate easy connection when the panel is mounted from the frame. A reverberatory screen (see Fig. 6) isprovided immediately in front of the

42、 radiating surface to enhance the combustion efficiency and increase the radiant output.6.2.4 Air and Fuel Supply, to support combustion of the radiant panel. The appropriate air and fuel flow-metering devices, gascontrol valves, pressure reducer, and safety controls are all mounted on the panel sup

43、port frame (see Fig. 5). Requirements are asfollows:6.2.4.1 A regulated air supply of about 8.33 by 103 m3/s at a pressure sufficient to overcome the friction loss through the line,metering device, and radiant panel; the radiant-panel pressure drop amounts to approximately 20 to 30 Pa. A flowmeter s

44、uitablefor indicating air flow over the range of 2 to 15 by 103 m3/s shall be provided. A flowmeter suitable for indicating methane flowrates over the range of 0.1 to 1.1 by 103 m3/s shall be provided.6.2.4.2 The fuel gas used shall be either natural gas or methane. A pressure regulator shall be pro

45、vided to maintain a constantsupply pressure. Gas is controlled by either a manually adjusted needle valve or a venturi mixer. The venturi mixer will allow oneto control the flux level of the panel by adjusting only the air valve. The fuel gas-flow requirements are roughly 0.26 to 1.03 by103 m3/s at

46、a pressure sufficient to overcome line pressure losses.NOTE 2If a venturi mixer is used, the regulated air and fuel gas supply shall be sufficient for efficient operation of the venturi mixer.6.2.5 The Specimen Holder Support Frame Guides, Pilot Flame Holder, Fume Stack (optional), Flame Front Viewi

47、ng Rakes,Radiation Pyrometer, and Mirror are all assembled on the specimen support frame. The arrangement of parts on this frame isshown in Figs. 4-6.6.2.6 Dummy Specimen, of noncombustible insulating board of the thickness and density specified in the test procedure, shallbe mounted on the apparatu

48、s in the position of the specimen except during actual testing or calibration.6.3 Instrumentation:6.3.1 Total Radiation Pyrometer, compensated for its temperature variation and having a nominal sensitivity between thethermal wavelengths of 1 and 9 m that shall view a centrally located area on the ra

49、diant panel of about 150 by 300 mm. Theinstrument shall be securely mounted on the specimen support frame in such a manner that it can view the radiant panel surfaceoriented for specimens in the vertical position.6.3.2 Heat FluxmetersHave available at least three fluxmeters for this test method. One of these shall be retained as alaboratory reference standard. The fluxmeters shall be of the thermopile type with a nominal range of 0 to 50 kW/m2 and have aFIG. 6 Test Apparatus, Side ViewE1321 135sensitivity of approximately 10