1、Designation: E 1333 96 (Reapproved 2002)Standard Test Method forDetermining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air andEmission Rates from Wood Products Using a LargeChamber1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1333; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofo
2、riginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures the formaldehyde concentra-tion i
3、n air and emission rate from wood products containingformaldehyde under conditions designed to simulate productuse (see 11.5 and Note 7). The concentration in air andemission rate is determined in a large chamber under specifictest conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Thegeneral procedur
4、es are also intended for testing product com-binations at product-loading ratios and at air-exchange ratestypical of the indoor environment (1).2The products tested, theloading ratios and the air exchange rates employed are de-scribed in the test report.1.2 This test method determines the average fo
5、rmaldehydeconcentration in air and emission rate from a number of largesize samples. The average concentration and emission ratereported, thus, will not provide information on higher or loweremitting panels in the test lot.1.3 This method is primarily used for testing newly manu-factured panel produ
6、cts that are shipped for testing eitherseal-wrapped in polyethylene or with waster sheets, or withboth. When this test method is used for evaluating other thannewly manufactured panel products (after original application,installation or use), the method of packaging and shipping theproduct for testi
7、ng shall be described in the test report.1.4 The quantity of formaldehyde in the air sample takenfrom the chamber is determined by an adaptation of theNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)3500 chromotropic acid test procedure. If another analyticalprocedure is used to determi
8、ne the quantity of formaldehyde inthe air sample, that procedure shall give results of equivalent orgreater accuracy and precision than the adapted chromotropicacid procedure. Detailed procedures based on acetylacetone,pararosaniline (see Test Method D 5221), 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) (see T
9、est Method D 5197) and3-methyl-2-benzothiazoline (MBTH) (see Test MethodD 5014) have been found to give results equivalent or greaterin accuracy and precision than chromotropic acid. The testreport shall note the analytical procedure employed.NOTE 13The chromotropic acid analytical procedure describ
10、ed in thistest method is applicable for testing urea-formaldehyde bonded woodproducts. According to NIOSH (4th Edition, 8/15/94) the low end of theworking range for the chromotropic acid analytical procedure is 0.02 ppm.A more sensitive analytical procedure is recommended for testing woodpanel produ
11、cts where formaldehyde concentrations in air are anticipated tobe at or below this level. DNPH is recognized as such a method.1.5 This test method is used to determine compliance withrequirements such as those established for building materialsby the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban DevelopmentR
12、ules and Regulations 24 CFR 3280 for manufactured housingand by Minnesota Statutes Section 144.495. Measurementresults are also used for comparing concentrations in air andemission rates from different wood products (2) and fordetermining compliance with product standards.1.6 The values stated in SI
13、 units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.7 This test method is not designed for determining generalorganic emissions from all indoor materials and products.NOTE 2ASTM Committee D22 has developed Guide D 5116 whichdescribes small-scale enviro
14、nmental equipment and techniques suitablefor determining organic emissions and emission rates from materials andproducts used indoors.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to esta
15、blish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 3195 Practice for Rotameter Calibration41This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM
16、 Committee D07 on Woodand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.03 on Panel Products.Current edition approved March 10, 1996. Published May 1996. Originallypublished as E 1333 90. Last previous edition E 1333 90.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end
17、 ofthe text.3The notes appearing in this test method are not part of the mandatory sectionsof this standard, are informative in nature, and appear below that section of thestandard to which they pertain.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P
18、O Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Mon Nov 10 02:09:32 EST 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.D 5014 Test Method for Measurement of Formaldehyde inIndoor A
19、ir (Passive Sampler Methodology)4D 5116 Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber De-terminations of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products4D 5197 Test Method for Determination of Formaldehydeand Other Carbonyl Compounds in Air (Active SamplerMethodology)4D 5221 Test Method for Continuou
20、s Measurement of Form-aldehyde in Air4E 77 Test Methods for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometers5E 220 Method for Calibration of Thermocouples by Com-parison Techniques5E 337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-peratures)4E 741 Te
21、st Methods for Determining Air Change in a SingleZone by Means of Tracer Gas Dilution62.2 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development(HUD) Document:7Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards,24 CFR 3280, Federal Register, Vol 49, No. 155, Aug. 8,19842.3 NIOSH Document:7Formaldehyde Me
22、thod, 3500, U.S. Department of Healthand Human Services, 19892.4 ANSI Standards:8HPVA/ANSI HP-1-1994 Hardwood and Decorative Ply-woodANSI A208.1-1993 ParticleboardANSI A208.2-1994 Medium Density Fiberboard2.5 Other Document:9Minnesota Statutes Section 144.495, 325F.18 and 325F.181,Formaldehyde Gases
23、 in Building Materials, 19863. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 air change ratethe ratio of hourly conditioned andfiltered outside air brought into the chamber, and chambervolume measured in identical volume units (normally ex-pressed in air changes per hour, AC/h)
24、.3.1.2 emission rateformaldehyde emissions per area ofexposed surface of tested product in the large chamber per timeduration of air sample, normally expressed in mg/(m2h).3.1.3 loading ratiothe total exposed surface area (notincluding panel edges) of each product divided by the testchamber volume.4
25、. Significance and Summary of Test Method4.1 Significance and Use:4.1.1 Limitations on formaldehyde concentrations in airhave been established for some building products permanentlyinstalled in manufactured and conventional homes. This testmethod provides a standard means of testing typical products
26、izes, such as 1.2 by 2.4 m (4 by 8 ft) sheets, at productloadings consistent with product end use.4.2 Summary of Test Method:4.2.1 This test method incorporates a chamber of 22 m3(800ft3) minimum size to evaluate formaldehyde concentrations inair and emission rates from building products over a spec
27、ifiedduration of time. This test method employs a single set ofenvironmental conditions but different product loading ratios toassess formaldehyde concentrations in air and emission ratesfrom certain wood products. Conditions controlled in theprocedure are as follows:4.2.1.1 Conditioning of specimen
28、s prior to testing,4.2.1.2 Exposed surface area of the specimens in the testchamber,4.2.1.3 Test chamber temperature and relative humidity,4.2.1.4 Number of air changes per hour, and4.2.1.5 Air circulation within the chamber.4.2.1.6 At the end of a 16- to 20-h period in the testchamber, the air is s
29、ampled and the concentration of formal-dehyde in air and emission rate are determined.NOTE 3Care must be exercised in the extension of the results toformaldehyde concentrations in air and emission rates from productsunder different conditions of air change rate or loading ratio, or both.5. Interfere
30、nces5.1 The NIOSH 3500 analytical method lists phenols as anegative interference when present at an 8:1 excess overformaldehyde. Modification in the analytical procedure shallbe made when relatively high phenol formaldehyde concentra-tions (8:1) are anticipated (3, 4).6. Apparatus6.1 Test Chamber:6.
31、1.1 The interior volume of the chamber shall be a mini-mum of 22 m3(800 ft3). The interior of the test chamber shallbe free of refrigeration coils that condense water and itemssuch as humidifiers with water reservoirs as condensate willhave the potential of collecting formaldehyde and thus influ-enc
32、ing test results. The interior surfaces of the chamber shall beof materials found to minimize adsorption. (Stainless steel,aluminum, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) have producedrecoveries of $95 % at a 0.4 ppm formaldehyde challengeconcentration in air and have been found appropriate aschamber l
33、ining materials.) All joints except for doors used forloading and unloading specimens shall be sealed. Doors shallbe self-sealing. The test chamber shall be equipped with metalspecimen racks with dividers spaced a minimum of 150 mm (6in.) to support specimens on edge.6.1.2 Make-Up Air:6.1.2.1 The ma
34、ke-up air shall come from a filtered dust-freeenvironment and not contain more formaldehyde than iscapable of being measured considering the sensitivity of theanalytical procedure using the sampling rate and volume of airas described in 10.2. This shall be accomplished by passingmake-up air through
35、a filter bed of activated carbon, activated5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11.7Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.8Available from American National S
36、tandards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4thFloor, New York, NY 10036.9Available from Print Communications, Dept. of Administration, 117 UniversityAve., St. Paul, MN 55155.E 1333 96 (2002)2Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Mon Nov 10 02:09:32 EST 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) purs
37、uant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.alumina impregnated with potassium permanganate, or othermaterials capable of absorbing, adsorbing, or oxidizing form-aldehyde.6.1.2.2 Make-up air for the chamber must pass through acalibrated, totalizing dry gas test meter or other airf
38、low ratemeasuring device with calibration traceable to the NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It is alsoacceptable to calibrate the airflow rate measuring device, asinstalled, using a tracer gas technique described in Test MethodE 741. Air change rate per hour (AC/h) is calculated
39、 as (V2 V1) 4 (t 0)3 chamber volume); where V2and V1aredry-gas test-meter readings in cubic metres at time, t (in hours),and time 0 divided by the chamber volume in cubic metres. Theair-intake port and exhaust port shall be on different walls ofthe chamber and at different elevations. The chamber te
40、st shallbe operated at a positive pressure of 1 Pa (0.004 in. of water)or greater as determined by a permanently mounted differentialpressure device.106.1.3 Nonsparking Fan Sizing and PositioningA nonspar-king fan shall be used to circulate air within the chamber. Theair flow shall be directed horiz
41、ontally in the direction of thechamber length above where the test samples are to be placedin the chamber. The fan shall be sized and positioned to achievea uniform concentration in air of formaldehyde (within 0.03ppm) as determined from a minimum of six air samplinglocations. These locations shall
42、be at three elevations, 0.3 m(12 in.) from the chamber floor and ceiling, and at a heightbetween 1.3 and 1.5 m (51 and 59 in.); and at two verticalplacements,13 the chamber length from each end of thechamber and at chamber mid-width.6.1.4 Air Sampling PortsFor testing, at least two air-sampling port
43、s shall be used, located at equal distance alongthe chamber length at an elevation between 1.3 and 1.5 m (51and 59 in.) and shall be placed at least 0.6 m (24 in.) from anyinterior wall. The sampling lines shall be of materials found tominimize adsorption such as stainless steel, PTFE and alumi-num,
44、 securely fixed to supports during the test, and shall be asshort as possible. The length of the sampling line outside thechamber shall not exceed 6 m (20 ft).6.2 Examples of acceptable reagents, materials, and equip-ment are provided in Appendix X1.7. Hazards7.1 Chromotropic Acid Reagent Treatment
45、(see 10.3.4 andA4.5)During this hazardous operation, the operator shallwear rubber gloves, apron, and a full face mask or be protectedfrom splashing by a transparent shield such as a hood window.The solution becomes extremely hot during addition of sulfuricacid. Add acid slowly to avoid loss of samp
46、le due to splatter-ing.7.2 Cleaning Chemicals for GlasswareAppropriate pre-cautions shall be taken if cleaning chemicals are considered tobe hazardous.8. Test Specimens8.1 Standard Face and Back Configuration Testing:8.1.1 Loading is defined as the total exposed specimensurface area, exclusive of ed
47、ge area, divided by the chambervolume (on effect of loading refer to Ref 5). If the edgeexposure is greater than 5 % of the surface area, include thetotal edge-exposure area in the calculation of surface-exposurearea. Loading ratios used for testing wood panel productscontaining formaldehyde are as
48、follows:Loading Ratios, 62%(m2/m3) (ft2/ft3) Product0.95 0.29 Hardwood Plywood Wall Paneling0.43 0.13 Particleboard Flooring MaterialsIndustrial Particleboard PanelsIndustrial Hardwood Plywood Panels0.26 0.08 Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF)NOTE 4See Appendix X3 for a discussion of loading ratios.8.2
49、 Non-Standard Sample Configuration Testing:8.2.1 Testing Products with Single Surface ExposedSomeproducts have significantly different formaldehyde releasecharacteristics for each surface and have only one surfaceexposed to the indoor living space.11In those cases, panelsshall be tested back-to-back with edges taped together. Thepanels shall be identified as tested in the back-to-back mode.8.2.2 Testing Cabinets and FurnitureSome products aremade of assembled wood panel products. Such items shall bedesignated in the test report by the product name and adescription
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