1、Designation: E 1347 06Standard Test Method forColor and Color-Difference Measurement by TristimulusColorimetry1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1347; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the instrumental measurementof specimens resulting in color coordinates and color differencev
3、alues by using a tristimulus colorimeter, also known as atristimulus filter colorimeter or a color-difference meter.1.2 Provision is made in this test method for the measure-ment of color coordinates and color differences by reflected ortransmitted light using either a hemispherical optical measur-i
4、ng system, such as an integrating sphere, or a bidirectionaloptical measuring system, such as annular, circumferential, oruniplanar 45:0 and 0:45 geometry.1.3 Because of the limited absolute accuracy of tristimuluscolorimeters, this test method specifies that, when color coor-dinates are required, t
5、he instrument be standardized by use ofa standard having similar spectral (color) and geometriccharacteristics to those of the specimen. This standard is alsoknown as a product standard. The use of a product standard ofsuitable stability is highly desirable.1.4 Because tristimulus colorimeters do no
6、t provide anyinformation about the reflectance or transmittance curves of thespecimens, they cannot be used to gain any information aboutmetamerism or paramerism.1.5 Because of the inability of tristimulus (filter) colorim-eters to detect metamerism or paramerism of specimens, thistest method specif
7、ies that, when color differences are required,the two specimens must have similar spectral (color) andgeometric characteristics. In this case, the instrument may bestandardized for reflectance measurement by use of a whitereflectance standard or, for transmittance measurement, withno specimen or sta
8、ndard at the specimen position.1.6 This test method is generally suitable for any non-fluorescent, planar, object-color specimens of all gloss levels.Users must determine whether an instrument complying withthis method yields results that are useful to evaluate andcharacterize retroreflective specim
9、ens, or specimens havingoptical structures.1.7 This test method does not apply to the use of aspectrocolorimeter, which is a spectrometer that providescolorimetric data, but not the underlying spectral data. Mea-surement by using a spectrocolorimeter is covered in Practice1164 and methods on color m
10、easurement by spectrophotom-etry.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitat
11、ions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesE 179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions forMeasurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties ofMaterialsE 2
12、84 Terminology of AppearanceE 805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods ofColor or Color-Difference Measurement of MaterialsE 1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data forObject-Color EvaluationE 1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability ofColor Measurement by Use of Mu
13、ltiple Measurements3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The definitions contained in Guide E 179 and Termi-nology E 284 are applicable to this test method.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Colorand Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 o
14、nSpectrophotometry and Colorimetry.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E 1347 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
15、For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method provides procedures fo
16、r measuringobject-color specimens in either transmission or reflection witha tristimulus colorimeter (hereafter referred to as a colorimeter)by use of the following geometric conditions and standardiza-tion procedures:4.1.1 Color differences by reflected light of nonmetameric,nonparameric pairs of o
17、paque or translucent specimens by useof either hemispherical geometry, with an integrating sphere, orbidirectional geometry, such as annular, circumferential, oruniplanar 45:0 or 0:45 geometry. The colorimeter may bestandardized by use of a white reflectance standard.4.1.2 Color differences by trans
18、mitted light of non-metameric, nonparameric pairs of transparent or translucentspecimens by use of hemispherical geometry. The colorimetermay be standardized by use of a white standard at the reflectionport of the integrating sphere with no specimen in place. Whentranslucent specimens are measured,
19、they should be placedflush against the transmission port of the sphere, and the whitestandard should, for maximum accuracy, have the same reflec-tance and chemical composition as that of the lining of theintegrating sphere.4.1.3 Color coordinates by reflected light of opaque ortranslucent specimens
20、by use of either bidirectional or hemi-spherical geometry. The colorimeter may be standardized byuse of a standard having spectral (color) and geometriccharacteristics similar to those of the specimens. Such stan-dards, often called hitching-post standards, are hereafter re-ferred to as local standa
21、rds.34.1.4 Color coordinates by transmitted light of transparentor translucent specimens by use of hemispherical geometry.The colorimeter may be standardized by use of a localstandard.4.1.5 This test method is not appropriate for fluorescentspecimens.4.1.6 For the measurement of the daytime color of
22、 retrore-flective specimens, the 45:0 or 0:45 conditions are normallyrequired. Some modern, high brightness, retroreflective sheet-ing has been shown to exhibit geometric artifacts if the coneangles are too narrow. In these cases, it may be moreappropriate to use larger cone angles, with appropriate
23、 toler-ances.4.1.7 When the specimens exhibit directionality, and acolorimeter with uniplanar bidirectional geometry is used,information on directionality may be obtained by measuringthe specimens at more than one rotation angle, typically at twoangles 90 apart. When such information is not required
24、, thesemeasurements may be averaged, or a colorimeter with annularor circumferential bidirectional geometry may be used.4.2 This test method includes two different procedures forstandardizing the colorimeter. The first procedure utilizes awhite standard of known reflectance factor; the second proce-
25、dure utilizes a local standard.4.2.1 When absolute values of color coordinates are to bedetermined, the use of a white standard is recommended onlywith colorimeters in which there is good conformance of thecolorimeter readings to CIE tristimulus values, as determinedby measurement of suitable verifi
26、cation standards (see PracticeE 1164). With instruments not meeting this requirement, theuse of local standards is recommended, but only when thesignal level (see Note 2) from the use of each colorimeter filteris adequately high.NOTE 1Of necessity, the above requirements are in part subjective, asth
27、e methods for verifying conformance to the requirements may not beavailable to the average user. Each user must decide whether thestandardization procedure selected results in a loss of accuracy in themeasurements that is negligibly small for the purpose for which data areobtained.NOTE 2The adequacy
28、 of the signal level can be determined bymeasuring the short-term repeatability without replacement, and ascer-taining that the variation in the answer represents less than 30 % of thedesired or allowable variation.4.2.2 When color differences are to be measured, onlyrelative measured values are req
29、uired for the two members ofthe color-difference pair, and standardization by use of either awhite standard or a local standard is satisfactory. In those caseswhere a computer program is being used to predict colortolerances, accuracy of the absolute values of the productstandard color coordinates m
30、ay become more important (see4.2.1).4.3 Procedures for selecting specimens suitable for preci-sion measurement are included in this test method.4.4 Most modern colorimeters compute the color coordi-nates of the specimen during the measurement. When this is thecase, the user of this test method must
31、designate the colorsystem to be used in the computation (see Practice D 2244).5. Significance and Use5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtainingthe color differences and color coordinates of object colors areby instrumental measurement using colorimeters or spectro-photometers with eith
32、er hemispherical or bidirectional opticalmeasuring systems. This test method provides procedures forsuch measurement by use of a colorimeter with either abidirectional or a hemispherical optical measuring system.5.2 This test method is suitable for measurement of colordifferences of nonmetameric, no
33、nparameric pairs of object-color specimens, or color coordinates of most such specimens.A further limitation to the use of colorimeters having hemi-spherical geometry is the existence of a chromatic integrating-sphere error that prevents accurate measurement of colorcoordinates when the colorimeter
34、is standardized by use of awhite standard.45.3 For the measurement of retroreflective specimens bythis test method, the use of bidirectional geometry is recom-mended (See Guide E 179 and Practice E 805).NOTE 3To ensure inter-instrument agreement in the measurement ofretroreflective specimens, signif
35、icantly tighter tolerances than those givenin Practice E 1164 in the section on Influx and Efflux Conditions for45:Normal (45:0) and Normal:45 (0:45) Reflectance Factor are required3Hunter, R. S., “Photoelectric Tristimulus Colorimetry with Three Filters,”Journal, Optical Society of America, Vol 32,
36、 1942, pp. 509558.4Hoffman, K., “Chromatic Integrating-Sphere Error in Tristimulus Colorim-eters,” Journal of Color and Appearance, Vol 1, No. 2, 1971, pp. 1621.E1347062for the instrument angles of illumination and viewing. Information on therequired tolerances is being developed.5.4 A requirement f
37、or the use of a colorimeter to obtainaccurate color coordinates is that the combination of source,filter, and detector characteristics to duplicate accurately thecombined characteristics of a CIE standard illuminant andobserver. When this requirement is not met, this test methodrequires the use of l
38、ocal standards for improving accuracy inthe measurement of color coordinates (see also 4.2). For themeasurement of small color differences between non-metameric, nonparameric specimens, accuracy in absolutecolor coordinates is less important and standardization of thecolorimeter by use of a white st
39、andard is satisfactory. However,accurate color-difference measurement requires that specimenpairs have similar spectral and geometric characteristics.6. Apparatus6.1 Colorimeter, designed for the measurement of object-color specimens. Use hemispherical geometry for reflection ortransmission measurem
40、ents or bidirectional geometry for re-flection measurements.6.2 Standardization Plaques, supplied by the manufacturer.6.2.1 White Reflecting Tile or Standard (Mandatory)(Ifthe colorimeter has hemispherical geometry, a standard ofhemispherical reflectance factor is required; if bidirectionalgeometry,
41、 a standard of bidirectional reflectance factor isrequired.)6.2.2 Local Standardization Plaques (Recommended), hav-ing spectral (color) and geometric characteristics similar tothose of specimens to be measured, as required for themeasurement of color coordinates.6.2.3 Light Trap (Hemispherical) or P
42、olished Black Glass(Bidirectional) Standards (Recommended; mandatory if soindicated by the manufacturer), for setting or verifying the zeroreading of the colorimeter.6.3 Verification Standards (Recommended), supplied by themanufacturer or obtained separately.6.4 Standard Backing Material(s) (Recomme
43、nded), forbacking translucent specimens during measurement.7. Test Specimens7.1 For highest precision, select specimens with the follow-ing properties:7.1.1 High material uniformity and freedom from blemishesin the area to be measured, and7.1.2 Opaque specimens that have at least one plane surface;t
44、ranslucent and transparent specimens that have two essentiallyplane and parallel surfaces and that have a standard thickness,when one is specified.8. Standardization and Verification8.1 Standardization for the Measurement Color Differencesof Specimen Pairs:8.1.1 Standardize the colorimeter by use of
45、 the whitestandard (mandatory) and the zero-reading standard (if re-quired), following the manufacturers instructions.8.1.2 Verify the accuracy of the standardization and theinstrument performance by measuring a series of verificationstandards (recommended).8.2 Standardization for Measurement of Col
46、or Coordinates:NOTE 4If the verification tests of 8.2.2 are not to be carried out, omit8.2.1 and 8.2.2 and proceed to 8.2.3.8.2.1 Standardize the colorimeter by use of the whitestandard (mandatory) and the zero-reading standard (if re-quired), following the manufacturers instructions.8.2.2 Verify th
47、e accuracy of the standardization and theinstrument performance by measuring a series of verificationstandards (recommended).8.2.3 Standardize the colorimeter by use of the appropriatelocal standard for the specimens to be measured (mandatory)and the zero-reading standard (if required), following th
48、emanufacturers instructions.9. Procedure9.1 When required, select the color scales to be used in thecomputation of color coordinates or color differences.9.2 Handle the specimen carefully; avoid touching the areato be measured. When necessary, clean the specimen by anagreed procedure.9.3 When hemisp
49、herical geometry is used, make the follow-ing selections:9.3.1 For the measurement of reflecting specimens, selectinclusion or exclusion of the specular component of reflectionas desired (see Guide E 179 and Practice E 805).9.3.1.1 If the specimen is translucent, back it with a standardbacking material during the measurement.9.3.2 For the measurement of fully transparent specimensby transmission, place the specimen in the transmission com-partment of the colorimeter.9.3.2.1 If total luminous quantities are desired, place thespecimen flush against the transmission measurem
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