1、Designation: E 1348 02 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Test Method forTransmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry UsingHemispherical Geometry1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1348; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measure-ment of the transmission properties and
3、 color of object-colorspecimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolo-rimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such asan integrating sphere.1.2 This test method is generally suitable for all fullytransparent specimens without regard for the specimen positionrelative to the t
4、ransmission port of the instrument. Translucentspecimens, however, must be placed flush against the trans-mission port of the sphere.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to estab
5、lish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent PlasticsD 2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor D
6、ifferences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesE 179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions forMeasurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties ofMaterialsE 284 Terminology of AppearanceE 308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects byUsing the CIE SystemE 805 Practice for Ide
7、ntification of Instrumental Methods ofColor or Color-Difference Measurement of MaterialsE 1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data forObject-Color Evaluation3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The definitions in Guide E 179, Terminology E 284,and Practice E 1164 are applicable to this test met
8、hod.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method provides a procedure for measuring thetransmittance of transmitting specimens by using a spectropho-tometer or spectrocolorimeter equipped with a hemisphericaloptical measuring system such as an integrating sphere.4.2 This test method includes proced
9、ures for calibrating theinstrument and for selecting specimens suitable for precisionmeasurement.4.3 This test method is satisfactory for all fully transparentspecimens with plane and parallel surfaces. When possible, theuser should select the position of the specimen in the trans-mission compartmen
10、t to provide either essentially total oressentially regular transmittance, depending on the end use ofthe measured data.4.4 Accurate measurement of translucent specimens re-quires that the specimen be placed flush against the transmis-sion port of the integrating sphere (see Practice E 1164, 8.1.4).
11、4.5 Most modern spectrophotometers have the capacity tocompute the color coordinates of the specimen during themeasurement. When this is the case, the user of this testmethod must select the color system, observer, and illuminant(see the Procedure section in Practice E 308, Section 6).5. Significanc
12、e and Use5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtainingthe color coordinates of object colors are by instrumentalmeasurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters witheither hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring sys-tems. This test method provides procedures for such measure-
13、ment by transmittance spectrophotometry using a hemispheri-cal optical measuring system.5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurementof the following types of specimens (see also Guide E 179 andPractice E 805):1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Coloran
14、d Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 onSpectrophotometry and Colorimetry.Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 1348 - 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
15、 www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5
16、.2.1 Fully transparent specimens (free from turbidity, haze,or translucency), and5.2.2 Translucent or hazy specimens, provided that thespecimen can be placed flush against the transmission port ofthe integrating sphere.5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurementof transparent or transluc
17、ent retroreflective or fluorescentspecimens.6. Apparatus6.1 Spectrophotometer or Spectrocolorimeter, designed forthe measurement of color coordinates of transmitting speci-mens by use of integrating-sphere geometry.6.2 Calibration Standards, either supplied by the instrumentmanufacturer or obtained
18、separately, as follows (see PracticeE 1164, Section 10):6.2.1 White Tile or Pressed-Powder Reflectance Standard,to be placed at the reflection port of the integrating sphere(mandatory).6.2.2 Calibration Standards, for (1) setting or verifying zeroon the photometric scale; (2) verifying the wavelengt
19、h scale,and (3) evaluating stray light (optional).6.2.3 Verification Standards (recommended) (see PracticeE 1164, 10.5).7. Test Specimen7.1 For highest precision and accuracy, select specimenswith the following properties (see Practice E 1164, Section 9):7.1.1 High material uniformity and freedom fr
20、om blemishesin the area to be measured, and7.1.2 Specimens that have two essentially plane and parallelsurfaces, and that have a standard thickness, if one is defined.8. Calibration and Verification8.1 Calibrate or verify the calibration of the followingquantities (see Practice E 1164, Section 10):8
21、.1.1 Zero setting of the transmittance scale (mandatory),8.1.2 Wavelength scale (recommended), and8.1.3 Stray-light level (optional).8.2 Calibrate the full-scale value of the transmittance scaleof the instrument with no transmitting specimen in place andthe white reflectance standard at the reflecti
22、on port. Follow theinstrument manufacturers instructions (mandatory).NOTE 1For maximum accuracy of measurement of translucent speci-mens, the white standard at the reflection port should have the samereflectance as that of the lining of the integrating sphere.8.3 Verify the accuracy of the measured
23、results by measure-ment of a series of verification standards (recommended) (seePractice E 1164, 10.5).9. Procedure9.1 When required, select the color scales, observer, andilluminant to be used in the computation of color coordinates(see the Procedure section in Practice E 308, Section 6).9.2 Select
24、 settings of other options, such as wavelengthrange and interval, when required. Follow the instrumentmanufacturers instructions or specified procedures.9.3 Handle the specimen carefully; avoid touching the areato be measured. When necessary, clean the specimen by anagreed procedure.9.4 For the meas
25、urement of fully transparent specimens,place the specimen in the transmission compartment of theinstrument.9.4.1 If total transmittance is desired, place the specimenflush against the transmission measurement port of the inte-grating sphere.9.4.2 If regular transmittance is desired, place the specim
26、enin the transmission compartment, but as far away from thesphere port as possible.9.5 For the measurement of translucent specimens, place thespecimen in the transmission compartment, flush against thetransmission measurement port of the integrating sphere. Formaximum accuracy in the measurements, t
27、he white standard atthe reflection port should have the same reflectance as that ofthe lining of the integrating sphere (see Practice E 1164, 8.1.4).NOTE 2When the size and centering of the light beam at the reflectionmeasurement port of the integrating sphere can be properly adjustedaccording to Te
28、st Method D 1003, it is possible to measure transmissionhaze accurately. A set of haze standards should be used to verify theaccuracy of the measurements.9.6 Measure the specimen, following the instrument manu-facturers instructions.9.7 Transcribe the data required for the report, when notprinted by
29、 the instrument.10. Calculation10.1 Perform any desired calculations of color coordinatesthat are not made automatically by the instrument (see PracticeD 2244 and Practice E 308).11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Specimen description (see Practice E 1164, 12.1.1),11.1.2 Date of
30、measurement,11.1.3 Instrument parameters and specimen position asselected in Section 9, and11.1.4 Measurement results, in the form of tables of trans-mittance versus wavelength or color-scale values.12. Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionThe precision estimates are composed ofthree additive terms. The
31、first term represents the noisecomponent of any measurement. The second term representsmeasurement uncertainty introduced by factors dependentupon the first derivative of the transmittance function of thespecimen. The third term represents uncertainty introduced byfactors dependent upon the absolute
32、 magnitude of the trans-mittance value at any wavelength. For complex transmittancefunctions such as a didymium filter a more complex model ofthe derivative is required than the linear model offered here.Hence complex spectra may be expected to fail the testdescribed below at or near their transmitt
33、ance maxima andminima. In addition, reporting intervals greater than 10 nmmay also fail.12.1.1 RepeatabilityMeasurements should be consideredsuspect if the sample standard deviation of four spectralE 1348 02 (2007)2transmittance values measured under repeatability conditions islarger at most wavelen
34、gths than the limit defined by thefollowing equation:sMAXl! 5 0.02 1 ABSFTl210! 2 Tl110!200G1Tl!1000(1)sMAX(l) = maximum allowable sample standard devia-tion at any wavelengthT(l) = mean of four readings of T at that wavelengthand the units of T(l) are percent transmittancel = wavelength in nm curre
35、ntly under consider-ation.The units of the calculated limit are therefore percenttransmittance. A 10 nm wavelength measurement interval isassumed in this example. For measurements at 20 nm interval,the constants in the second additive term are 20, 20, and 400respectively. In either case, the first a
36、nd last measured intervalsare ignored.12.1.2 ReproducibilityMeasurements should be consid-ered suspect if the absolute value of the difference between twospectral transmittance values measured under reproducibilityconditions is larger at most wavelengths than the limit definedby the following equati
37、on:DTl! 5 0.08 1 ABSFTl210! 2 Tl110!200G1Tl!100(2)where the units, symbols, and procedure are identical tothose of Eq 1.NOTE 3Sometimes one of the two spectral transmittance valuesmeasured under reproducibility conditions is the set of tabular values of acalibration verification standard, and the ot
38、her set of values is thatverification standard measured on an individual instrument for the purposeof verification of calibration of the instrument. Under these conditions, ifthe pair fails the above test, the instrument may be considered suspect, andmay fail calibration verification.12.2 BiasThere
39、is no known bias in this method.13. Keywords13.1 color; integrating sphere; spectrophotometer;transmittanceASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised th
40、at determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reappr
41、oved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you f
42、eel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E 1348 02 (2007)3
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