1、Designation: E1364 95 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Method forMeasuring Road Roughness by Static Level Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1364; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of a longitu-dinal profile of a travelled surface using a static level for thep
3、urpose of obtaining a road roughness index. This test methodis suitable for all surface types that are travelled by conven-tional ground vehicles, including paved and unpaved roads.1.2 This test method is labor intensive with respect to othermeans for measuring longitudinal profile, and is used main
4、lyfor (1) validating other profile-measuring methods and (2)calibrating response-type roughness-measuring systems.NOTE 1When measuring road roughness with a static level for thepurposes of validating other profile-measuring methods or calibratingresponse-type roughness-measuring systems, the static
5、level measurementprocess should be evaluated to ensure the measurements are within theresolution required in Table 1. It is recommended that several locations bemarked at various distances from the level and these locations bemeasured in sequence several times to establish if the readings stay withi
6、nthe resolution required. Wind, distance between the rod and the level,surface texture, and positioning of the rod all have significant impact onthe repeatability of the elevation measurements. Any variation from thetrue elevations will primarily affect the bias as explained in 10.2.Todetermine the
7、effect of random variations, random variations can be addedto an existing profile and the IRI recalculated to determine the impact ofthe variations.1.3 This test method describes the computation required forone particular type of roughness index, the vehicle simulationused in the International Rough
8、ness Index (IRI). Additionally,the profile obtained with this test method can be processed toobtain other roughness measures.1.4 This test method includes two levels of accuracy thatcan be chosen according to need. The more accurate, desig-nated as Class 1, reduces the measurement error of theroughn
9、ess index to less than 2 % of the true value of the index.The second, designated as Class 2, involves errors less than5%.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information
10、onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limi
11、tations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization
12、 TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E950 Test Method for Measuring the Longitudinal Profile ofTraveled Surfaces with an Accelerometer EstablishedInertial Profiling ReferenceE1082 Test Method for Measurement of Vehicular Responseto Traveled Surface R
13、oughnessE1170 Practices for Simulating Vehicular Response to Lon-gitudinal Profiles of Traveled Surfaces3. Summary of Test Method3.1 Measures of surface elevation are obtained at constantintervals along a line on a travelled surface to define alongitudinal profile. The line used for the profile is c
14、alled awheeltrack, a path followed by the tire of a road vehicle. Themeasured numbers are recorded and entered into a computerfor graphical display and analysis. The profile points are usedas input to a computational algorithm that produces a summaryroughness index.3.2 This test method describes the
15、 use of conventionalsurvey equipment comprising an optical level and graduatedrod, but it may also be applied to automated techniques (forexample, laser-based systems) with appropriate adjustments.At a minimum, two persons are required; one to locate and1This test method is under the jurisdiction of
16、 ASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle- Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.31 onMethods for Measuring Profile and Roughness.Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published June 2017. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E1364 95 (2012).DOI
17、: 10.1520/E1364-95R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
18、Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommen
19、dations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1hold the rod (the rod-man), and a second to read relativeheights through the leveling instrument and record the read-ings. For better efficiency, it is recommended that a thirdperson record the readings to al
20、low the instrument operator toconcentrate on adjusting and reading the instrument. Whenmaximum measuring speed is desired, a fourth crew member isrecommended to act as relief.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method provides a means for obtaining astandard roughness index using generic equipment.
21、 This par-ticular test method is simple but labor intensive, and is mostappropriate for establishing reference roughness levels for alimited number of test sites.4.2 Test sites whose roughness is measured with this testmethod can be used to calibrate response-type measuringsystems (see Test Method E
22、1082).4.3 Such sites can also be used to verify proper operation ofother profile measuring systems, and to establish accuracylevels for other profile-measuring systems (see Test MethodE950).5. Apparatus5.1 TapeA surveyors tape is used to locate the elevationmeasures at constant intervals. The tape a
23、ccuracy must bewithin 0.2 % of its total length. It is helpful to mark thelocations at which the measures will occur if they are notclearly visible when the tape is laying on the ground (forexample, mark 1-ft intervals with bright paint).5.2 LevelThe level must be designed to provide heightreadings
24、with the required resolution. The resolution require-ments are more stringent for smooth roads, and are summa-rized in Table 1 based on IRI roughness levels. Table 1 requiresresolutions that are beyond the capabilities of most levels usedin routine surveying and road construction. Precision leveling
25、instruments used for extremely accurate control work orconstruction layout are required for measuring the roughness ofmost paved roads, which is typically in the range of 30 to317 in.mile (0.5 to 5 m/km) IRI. With most precision instru-mentation of this nature, the level and rod (see 5.3) arecalibra
26、ted together. Typically, the level includes a micrometerto interpolate between marks on the rod. Metric levelinginstruments are available with a resolution of 0.1 mm, which issufficient for any pavement. Class 1 precision is preferredwhen validating inertial profiling systems (see 8.3). Class 2preci
27、sion is considered adequate for calibrating response-typesystems.NOTE 2Survey equipment is available for measuring surface elevationusing a laser beam as a horizontal reference in lieu of a level. Suchequipment may be used in accordance with the manufacturersrecommendations, as long as the resolutio
28、n requirements from Table 1 aremet.5.3 RodThe rod must be marked such that changes inelevation between adjacent profile points can be discerned withthe required precision. With most precision levels, the mark-ings on the rod correspond to an interval built into a microm-eter in the level (for exampl
29、e, 10-mm values are obtainedvisually from the rod, and 0.1-mm values are obtained from themicrometer).NOTE 3If a laser-based level is used, a suitable rod shall be used inaccordance with the manufacturers specifications. If the instrument doesnot require visible marks on the rod, such markings are n
30、ot required.However, for any equipment used, the total system (instrument and rod)must have the resolution specified in 5.2.5.3.1 The base of the rod should be designed to allow easilyrepeatable measures. On smooth-textured surfaces almost anytype of base is suitable. For use on textured surfaces, a
31、 circularpad with a diameter of at least 0.8 in. (20 mm) is suggested toreduce sensitivity of the measurement to small variations in therod placement.NOTE 4In limited work performed to date, pads with diameters of20 mm (0.8 in.) and 100 mm (4 in.) have been used successfully.5.3.2 The absolute dista
32、nce between the bottom of the rodand the markings is not relevant for roughness measurement.Therefore, temperature correction is not required. Also, modi-fications to the base of the rod are permitted (see 5.3.1)toimprove repeatability on textured surfaces.5.3.3 A bubble level attached to the rod is
33、 recommended toaid in keeping the rod vertical.5.4 ComputerDue to the potential for human error withthe large amount of data obtained with this test method, allcalculations shall be performed automatically by computer.The computer should have the capability to: (1) store all of theraw data values on
34、 a permanent medium (floppy disk, harddisk, magnetic tape, and so forth), (2) run programs thatperform the calculations described in 8.2 and 8.3, and (3)graphically display the computed profile.NOTE 5Virtually all popular desktop and home computers have thesecapabilities.NOTE 6Virtually any computer
35、 language can be used to implementthese tasks. Common choices are Fortran, BASIC, Pascal, and C. Also,spreadsheets and general-purpose numerical analysis programs can beused.NOTE 7Several computers can be employed for different tasks. Forexample, the profile computations could be performed on comput
36、erA, anddisplayed using computer B.5.5 Data RecordingInstrument readings are typically re-corded by writing the numbers on paper (field notes). Due tothe large number of individual measurements involved in thistest method, it is critical to eliminate as many sources of humanerror as possible. Standa
37、rdized field forms should be used withlongitudinal distances printed. The field forms should comple-ment the display of the computer screen when the numbers aretyped into the computer.TABLE 1 Resolution RequirementsIRI Roughness Range,in./mile (m/km)Required Resolution, in. (mm)Class 1 Class 20(0)#
38、IRI 30 (.5) 0.005 (0.125) 0.01 (0.25)30 (.5) # IRI 63 (1) 0.01 (0.25) 0.02 (0.5)63 (1) # IRI 190 (3) 0.02 (0.5) 0.04 (1.0)190 (3)# IRI 317 (5) 0.04 (1.0) 0.08 (2.0)317 (5) # IRI 444 (7) 0.06 (1.5) 0.12 (3.0)444 (7) # IRI 0.08 (2.0) 0.16 (4.0)E1364 95 (2017)26. Procedure6.1 Select each wheeltrack to
39、be profiled based on criteria oflength, roughness level, and surface type depending on the useto be made of the measurement.NOTE 8When calibrating one or more two-track response-typesystems, it is necessary to measure two parallel wheeltracks in the sametravelled lane. The distance between the wheel
40、tracks should approxi-mately match the track widths of the response-type systems beingcalibrated.6.2 Clearly mark the line defining the wheeltrack withchalk, paint, or other appropriate method to identify the startingpoint, the stopping point, and the transverse position of the lineat regular interv
41、als along the length. These intervals shall be nofurther apart than 50 ft (15 m). Mark the endpoints of the tapefor each setup. These markings are needed for the rod and levelmeasurement and also for use by other roughness-measuringequipment being calibrated or validated, to ensure that mea-surement
42、s made by different methods cover exactly the samewheeltrack.6.3 Place the tape on the wheeltrack. Initially, the zeroposition on the tape is placed at the start of the wheeltrack.Secure the tape with weights or adhesive tape. Take readings atintervals along the length of the tape. When this is comp
43、leted,move the tape such that the new zero point coincides with theold end point.6.4 Place the leveling instrument at a location that allowsfocusing on the rod at the start of the tape and over as much ofthe tape as possible. It is recommended that the tripod for thelevel be located in line with the
44、 wheeltrack, so the repeatedreadings along the tape can be taken with minimal viewingadjustment. Follow the manufacturers instructions to properlyset up the instrument. When possible, set the tripod thatsupports the instrument low to the ground, to minimize errorsassociated with leaning of the rod (
45、see 7.4).6.5 At intervals along the tape, measure and record thedistance between the ground and an arbitrary height associatedwith the level.6.5.1 The maximum interval between measurements is1.0 ft (305 mm) for Class 1 resolution, and 2.0 ft (610 mm) forclass 2 resolution. Shorter intervals are perm
46、itted.6.5.1.1 The requirements of 6.5.1 are valid for all types ofroad surfaces except those cases in which roughness is ex-tremely localized and would be missed by using the abovesample intervals (for example, small patches, tar strips, and soforth). Due to the enormous effort involved in reducing
47、thesample interval sufficiently to capture such features, it isrecommended that sites with localized roughness not bemeasured with this test method.6.5.2 The rod-man places the rod on the zero marker of thetape and aligns the rod vertically, using the bubble level as areference. When the rod is prop
48、erly placed and aligned, therod-man signals the instrument operator.6.5.3 The instrument operator reads the height according tothe instructions of the equipment manufacturer. Typically, thefirst one or two digits are obtained from the markings on therod, and the third and fourth digits are obtained
49、using amicrometer in the level. The reading is recorded by thenote-taker. When the reading is made, the note-taker calls outto the rod-man to signal that the rod can be moved to the nextposition.6.5.4 Repeat 6.5.2 until the end of the tape is reached or theelevation under the rod puts the rod out of range.6.6 Relocate the level when either its horizontal range isexceeded (that is, the distance between the level and rod is tooshort or too long to focus properly) or the vertical range isexceeded (the markings on the rod are “off scale” due to theslope of the road). T
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