1、Designation: E 1367 03 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Toxicity of Sediment-AssociatedContaminants with Estuarine and Marine Invertebrates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1367; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers procedures for testing estuarineor marine
3、 organisms in the laboratory to evaluate the toxicityof contaminants associated with whole sediments. Sedimentsmay be collected from the field or spiked with compounds inthe laboratory. General guidance is presented in Sections 1-15for conducting sediment toxicity tests with estuarine or marineamphi
4、pods. Specific guidance for conducting 10-d sedimenttoxicity tests with estuarine or marine amphipods is outlined inAnnex A1 and specific guidance for conducting 28-d sedimenttoxicity tests with Leptocheirus plumulosus is outlined inAnnex A2.1.2 Procedures are described for testing estuarine or mari
5、neamphipod crustaceans in 10-d laboratory exposures to evaluatethe toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments(Annex A1; USEPA 1994a (1). Sediments may be collectedfrom the field or spiked with compounds in the laboratory. Atoxicity method is outlined for four species of estuarine ormar
6、ine sediment-burrowing amphipods found within UnitedStates coastal waters. The species are Ampelisca abdita,amarine species that inhabits marine and mesohaline portions ofthe Atlantic coast, the Gulf of Mexico, and San Francisco Bay;Eohaustorius estuarius, a Pacific coast estuarine species;Leptochei
7、rus plumulosus, an Atlantic coast estuarine species;and Rhepoxynius abronius, a Pacific coast marine species.Generally, the method described may be applied to all fourspecies, although acclimation procedures and some test condi-tions (that is, temperature and salinity) will be species-specific(Secti
8、ons 12 and Annex A1). The toxicity test is conducted in1-L glass chambers containing 175 mL of sediment and 775mL of overlying seawater. Exposure is static (that is, water isnot renewed), and the animals are not fed over the 10-dexposure period. The endpoint in the toxicity test is survivalwith rebu
9、rial of surviving amphipods as an additional measure-ment that can be used as an endpoint for some of the testspecies (for R. abronius and E. estuarius). Performance criteriaestablished for this test include the average survival of amphi-pods in negative control treatment must be greater than orequa
10、l to 90 %. Procedures are described for use with sedimentswith pore-water salinity ranging from 0ooo to fully marine.1.3 A procedure is also described for determining thechronic toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sedi-ments with the amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus in labora-tory exposur
11、es (Annex A2; USEPA-USACE 2001(2). Thetoxicity test is conducted for 28 d in 1-L glass chamberscontaining 175 mL of sediment and about 775 mL of overlyingwater. Test temperature is 25 6 2C, and the recommendedoverlying water salinity is 5ooo 6 2ooo (for test sediment withpore water at 1ooo to 10ooo)
12、or20ooo 6 2ooo (for testsediment with pore water 10ooo). Four hundred millilitres ofoverlying water is renewed three times per week, at whichtimes test organisms are fed. The endpoints in the toxicity testare survival, growth, and reproduction of amphipods. Perfor-mance criteria established for this
13、 test include the averagesurvival of amphipods in negative control treatment must begreater than or equal to 80 % and there must be measurablegrowth and reproduction in all replicates of the negativecontrol treatment. This test is applicable for use with sedimentsfrom oligohaline to fully marine env
14、ironments, with a siltcontent greater than 5 % and a clay content less than 85 %.1.4 A salinity of 5 or 20ooo is recommended for routineapplication of 28-d test with L. plumulosus (Annex A2;USEPA-USACE 2001 (2) and a salinity of 20ooo is recom-mended for routine application of the 10-d test with E.e
15、stuarius or L. plumulosus (Annex A1). However, the salinityof the overlying water for tests with these two species can beadjusted to a specific salinity of interest (for example, salinityrepresentative of site of interest or the objective of the studymay be to evaluate the influence of salinity on t
16、he bioavail-ability of chemicals in sediment). More importantly, thesalinity tested must be within the tolerance range of the testorganisms (as outlined inAnnexA1 andAnnexA2). If tests areconducted with procedures different from those described in1.3 or in Table A1.1 (for example, different salinity
17、, lighting,temperature, feeding conditions), additional tests are requiredto determine comparability of results (1.10). If there is not a1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 onBiological Effects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E47.0
18、3 on Sediment Assessment and Toxicology.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2008. Published April 2008. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E 1367 03e1.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
19、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.need to make comparisons among studies, then the test couldbe conducted just at a selected salinity for the sediment ofinterest.1.5 Future revisions of this standard may include additionalannexes describing whole-sediment toxicity tests
20、 with othergroups of estuarine or marine invertebrates (for example,information presented in Guide E 1611 on sediment testingwith polychaetes could be added as an annex to future revisionsto this standard). Future editions to this standard may alsoinclude methods for conducting the toxicity tests in
21、 smallerchambers with less sediment (Ho et al. 2000 (3), Ferretti et al.2002 (4).1.6 Procedures outlined in this standard are based primarilyon procedures described in the USEPA (1994a (1), USEPA-USACE (2001(2), Test Method E 1706, and Guides E 1391,E 1525, E 1688, Environment Canada (1992 (5), DeWi
22、tt et al.(1992a (6); 1997a (7), Emery et al. (1997 (8), and Emery andMoore (1996 (9), Swartz et al. (1985 (10), DeWitt et al. (1989(11), Scott and Redmond (1989 (12), and Schlekat et al.(1992 (13).1.7 Additional sediment toxicity research and methods de-velopment are now in progress to (1) refine se
23、diment spikingprocedures, (2) refine sediment dilution procedures, (3) refinesediment Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) procedures,(4) produce additional data on confirmation of responses inlaboratory tests with natural populations of benthic organisms(that is, field validation studies), and
24、(5) evaluate relativesensitivity of endpoints measured in 10- and 28-d toxicity testsusing estuarine or marine amphipods. This information will bedescribed in future editions of this standard.1.8 Although standard procedures are described in AnnexA2 of this standard for conducting chronic sediment t
25、ests withL. plumulosus, further investigation of certain issues could aidin the interpretation of test results. Some of these issues includefurther investigation to evaluate the relative toxicologicalsensitivity of the lethal and sublethal endpoints to a widevariety of chemicals spiked in sediment a
26、nd to mixtures ofchemicals in sediments from contamination gradients in thefield (USEPA-USACE 2001 (2).Additional research is neededto evaluate the ability of the lethal and sublethal endpoints toestimate the responses of populations and communities ofbenthic invertebrates to contaminated sediments.
27、 Research isalso needed to link the toxicity test endpoints to a field-validated population model of L. plumulosus that would thengenerate estimates of population-level responses of the amphi-pod to test sediments and thereby provide additional ecologi-cally relevant interpretive guidance for the la
28、boratory toxicitytest.1.9 This standard outlines specific test methods for evalu-ating the toxicity of sediments with A. abdita, E. estuarius, L.plumulosus, and R. abronius. While standard procedures aredescribed in this standard, further investigation of certainissues could aid in the interpretatio
29、n of test results. Some ofthese issues include the effect of shipping on organism sensi-tivity, additional performance criteria for organism health,sensitivity of various populations of the same test species, andconfirmation of responses in laboratory tests with naturalbenthos populations.1.10 Gener
30、al procedures described in this standard might beuseful for conducting tests with other estuarine or marineorganisms (for example, Corophium spp., Grandidierellajaponica, Lepidactylus dytiscus, Streblospio benedicti), al-though modifications may be necessary. Results of tests, eventhose with the sam
31、e species, using procedures different fromthose described in the test method may not be comparable andusing these different procedures may alter bioavailability.Comparison of results obtained using modified versions ofthese procedures might provide useful information concerningnew concepts and proce
32、dures for conducting sediment testswith aquatic organisms. If tests are conducted with proceduresdifferent from those described in this test method, additionaltests are required to determine comparability of results. Gen-eral procedures described in this test method might be usefulfor conducting tes
33、ts with other aquatic organisms; however,modifications may be necessary.1.11 Selection of Toxicity Testing Organisms:1.11.1 The choice of a test organism has a major influenceon the relevance, success, and interpretation of a test. Further-more, no one organism is best suited for all sediments. Thef
34、ollowing criteria were considered when selecting test organ-isms to be described in this standard (Table 1 and GuideE 1525). Ideally, a test organism should: (1) have a toxicologi-cal database demonstrating relative sensitivity to a range ofcontaminants of interest in sediment, (2) have a database f
35、orinterlaboratory comparisons of procedures (for example,round-robin studies), (3) be in direct contact with sediment, (4)be readily available from culture or through field collection, (5)be easily maintained in the laboratory, (6) be easily identified,(7) be ecologically or economically important,
36、(8) have a broadgeographical distribution, be indigenous (either present orhistorical) to the site being evaluated, or have a niche similar toorganisms of concern (for example, similar feeding guild orbehavior to the indigenous organisms), (9) be tolerant of abroad range of sediment physico-chemical
37、 characteristics (forexample, grain size), and (10) be compatible with selectedexposure methods and endpoints (Guide E 1525). Methodsutilizing selected organisms should also be (11) peer reviewed(for example, journal articles) and (12) confirmed with re-sponses with natural populations of benthic or
38、ganisms.1.11.2 Of these criteria (Table 1), a database demonstratingrelative sensitivity to contaminants, contact with sediment,ease of culture in the laboratory or availability for field-collection, ease of handling in the laboratory, tolerance tovarying sediment physico-chemical characteristics, a
39、nd confir-mation with responses with natural benthic populations werethe primary criteria used for selecting A. abdita, E. estuarius,L. plumulosus, and R. abronius for the current edition of thisstandard for 10-d sediment tests (Annex A1). The specieschosen for this method are intimately associated
40、with sediment,due to their tube- dwelling or free-burrowing, and sedimentingesting nature.Amphipods have been used extensively to testthe toxicity of marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments(Swartz et al., 1985 (10); DeWitt et al., 1989 (11); Scott andRedmond, 1989 (12); DeWitt et al., 1992a (6);
41、 Schlekat et al.,1992 (13). The selection of test species for this standardfollowed the consensus of experts in the field of sedimentE 1367 03 (2008)2toxicology who participated in a workshop entitled “TestingIssues for Freshwater and Marine Sediments”. The workshopwas sponsored by USEPA Office of W
42、ater, Office of Scienceand Technology, and Office of Research and Development, andwas held in Washington, D.C. from 16-18 September 1992(USEPA, 1992 (14). Of the candidate species discussed at theworkshop, A. abdita, E. estuarius, L. plumulosus, and R.abronius best fulfilled the selection criteria,
43、and presented theavailability of a combination of one estuarine and one marinespecies each for both the Atlantic (the estuarine L. plumulosusand the marine A. abdita) and Pacific (the estuarine E.estuarius and the marine R. abronius) coasts. Ampelisca abditais also native to portions of the Gulf of
44、Mexico and SanFrancisco Bay. Many other organisms that might be appropri-ate for sediment testing do not now meet these selection criteriabecause little emphasis has been placed on developing stan-dardized testing procedures for benthic organisms. For ex-ample, a fifth species, Grandidierella japoni
45、ca was not se-lected because workshop participants felt that the use of thisspecies was not sufficiently broad to warrant standardization ofthe method. Environment Canada (1992 (5) has recommendedthe use of the following amphipod species for sediment toxicitytesting: Amphiporeia virginiana, Corophiu
46、m volutator, Eo-haustorius washingtonianus, Foxiphalus xiximeus, and Lep-tocheirus pinguis. A database similar to those available for A.abdita, E. estuarius, L. plumulosus, and R. abronius must bedeveloped in order for these and other organisms to be includedin future editions of this standard.1.11.
47、3 The primary criterion used for selecting L. plumulo-sus for chronic testing of sediments was that this species isfound in both oligohaline and mesohaline regions of estuarieson the East Coast of the United States and is tolerant to a widerange of sediment grain size distribution (USEPA-USACE2001 (
48、2), Annex Annex A2). This species is easily cultured inthe laboratory and has a relatively short generation time (thatis, about 24 d at 23C, DeWitt et al. 1992a (6) that makes thisspecies adaptable to chronic testing (Section 12).1.11.4 An important consideration in the selection of spe-cific specie
49、s for test method development is the existence ofinformation concerning relative sensitivity of the organismsboth to single chemicals and complex mixtures. Several studieshave evaluated the sensitivities of A. abdita, E. estuarius, L.plumulosus,orR. abronius, either relative to one another, or toother commonly tested estuarine or marine species. For ex-ample, the sensitivity of marine amphipods was compared toother species that were used in generating saltwater WaterQuality Criteria. Seven amphipod genera, including Ampeliscaabdita and Rhepoxynius abroni
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