1、Designation: E 1370 96 (Reapproved 2002)Standard Guide forAir Sampling Strategies for Worker and WorkplaceProtection1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1370; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 To provide criteria to be used in defining air samplingstrategies for workplace health and safety monitoring or
3、evaluation, such as: duration, frequency, number, location,method, equipment, and timing.1.2 When sampling is done to determine if the conditions inthe workplace are in compliance with regulations of the U.S.Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration (OSHA), manyof these criteria, for specific haz
4、ardous substances, are stated in29 CFR 1910.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresE 1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health andSafety2.2 Other Documents:29 CFR 191033. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms relating to
5、occupational healthand safety, see Terminology E 1542.3.2 For definitions of terms relating to atmospheric sam-pling and analysis, see Terminology D 1356.4. Significance and Use4.1 To describe standard approaches used to determine airsampling strategies before any actual air sampling occurs.4.2 For
6、the majority of the purposes for sampling, and forthe majority of the materials sampled, air sampling strategiesare matters of choice. Air sampling in the workplace may bedone for single or multiple purposes. Conflicts arise when asingle air sampling strategy is expected to satisfy multiplepurposes.
7、4.2.1 Limitations of cost, space, power requirements, equip-ment, analytical methods, and personnel requirements result inan optimum strategy for each purpose.4.2.2 A strategy designed to satisfy multiple purposes mustbe a compromise among several alternatives, and will not beoptimum for any one pur
8、pose.4.2.3 The purpose or purposes of sampling should beexplicitly stated before a sampling strategy is selected. Goodpractice, legal requirements, cost of the sampling program, andthe usefulness of the results may be markedly different fordifferent purposes of sampling.4.3 This guide will not aid i
9、n the evaluation of air samplingdata.4.4 This guide is intended for those who are preparing toevaluate the work environment of a location by air sampling, orwho wish to obtain an understanding of what information canbe obtained by air sampling.4.5 This work was commissioned by the committee onOccupa
10、tional Health and Safety because there was no docu-ment available that drew together in one place the manydiverse pieces of information about air sampling coveredwithin it. This guide cannot be used as a stand-alone documentto evaluate any given air borne contaminant.5. SamplingGeneral5.1 Air sampli
11、ng results are one of many sources of infor-mation about health and safety of conditions in a workplace.Air sampling should not be used to the exclusion of otherinformation.5.2 Bioassay and biomonitoring results, clinical observa-tions, quality and process control data, and material balancestudies,
12、where applicable, should always be used in conjunc-tion with air sampling data.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 onWorkplaceAtmospheres.Current edition approved April 10, 2002. Published March 1996. Origi
13、nallypublished as E 1370 90. Last previous edition E 1370 90.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.
14、3Code of Federal Regulations, available from U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, DC 20402.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.3 Qualitative agreement among separately obtainedsources of information should increa
15、se confidence in theinterpretation of workplace hazard assessments. Disagreementshould be cause for concern, and provoke efforts to find outwhy the disagreement occurred.6. Purposes of Sampling6.1 Risk EvaluationTo estimate the expected, or maxi-mum, or both contaminant concentrations in the workpla
16、ce.The information obtained is used to recommend workerprotection requirements and to assess the probability of sensi-tization or hypersensitivity reactions.6.2 Exposure EstimationTo measure the actual concentra-tions of contaminant to which one particular worker is ex-posed. The concentrations meas
17、ured may or may not behazardous. In many cases, it is sufficient to show that anyexposures are less than half of applicable limits or standards.6.3 Exposure DocumentationTo provide the data basenecessary for epidemiological studies, when the existence of ahealth hazard is postulated. It is similar t
18、o exposure estimation,but is focused more on job categories or job titles, rather thanon an individual worker, and requires the use of instrumentsand methods that minimize the likelihood of obtaining resultsthat are below the limits of detection.6.4 Selection of Engineering Controls To determine, fo
19、rcontaminants that are not totally contained, the collection orcapture efficiencies of control devices necessary to bringspecific contaminant concentrations below applicable limits atspecific locations.6.5 Evaluation of Engineering Controls To measure thequantities of contaminants passing or escapin
20、g from a controldevice due to leaks, wear, damage, inadequate maintenance,overloading, or accidents.6.6 Selection of Personal Protective EquipmentTo deter-mine the protection factor required for personal protectiveequipment in order for a worker to inhabit a contaminated orpotentially contaminated a
21、rea for a specific period of time.6.7 Selection of Bioassay or Biomonitoring Procedures, orBothTo determine the applicability of bioassay methods thatestimate an individuals total dose or body burden of a materialand biomonitoring methods that estimate an individuals rate ofexposure or rate of uptak
22、e of a material.6.8 Compliance with Regulations and StandardsTo obtainthe measurements required to satisfy legal requirements, or todetermine if exposures in the workplace are below legal limits.6.9 Source IdentificationTo single out the contribution ofeach of many potential sources of contamination
23、, based on itsunique characteristics, such as emission fluctuations, winddirection and variability, dispersion conditions, and the pres-ence or absence of distinct trace materials.6.10 Process ControlTo ensure that the process beingmonitored is proceeding according to design, that valuablematerials
24、are not being lost through leaks or side reactions, andthat only those effluents expected, in the quantities expected,are being produced.This type of sampling can be used to detectand halt process changes before hazardous air concentrationsare produced.6.11 Investigation of ComplaintsTo resolve doub
25、ts anddocument the seriousness of reported hazardous releases.7. Where to Sample7.1 Some of the factors affecting contaminant air concen-trations include the velocity and direction of air movement,contaminant sinks, movement of personnel and equipment,source strength, and distance from the source. S
26、mall differ-ences in location can have major effects.7.1.1 The volume of air movement affects dilution of thesource. The more air that passes the source per unit of time, thelower the plume concentration is likely to be.7.1.2 The direction of air movement determines areas ofheaviest exposure downwin
27、d, and may prevent any exposureupwind. Variation in wind direction determines the total areaexposed. Where there is slow air movement, eddy currents, orair recirculation, there may be an increase in air concentrationwith time.7.1.3 Contaminants may be lost in a variety of sinks.Aerosol particles are
28、 subject to gravitational settling; vaporcontaminants can condense on surfaces or aerosol particles;gases can be adsorbed on various surface and particles; and allcan react with each other, surfaces, or normal air components.7.1.4 Movement of personnel and equipment can changelocal air flow patterns
29、 significantly. Movement tends to in-crease the number and size of eddy currents present, toresuspend settled aerosols, and to deflect contaminants awayfrom local exhaust ventilation, such as hoods.7.1.5 The rate and velocity of contaminant evolution alsoaffects local air movement. Large or high vel
30、ocity emissionstend to overwhelm local airflow, while small or low velocityemissions have much less effect. Emission sources of highconcentration, or with compositions or temperatures, or both,that differ greatly from the surrounding air, may resist mixingwith the air for considerable times and dist
31、ances downwind.7.1.6 Distance from the emission source is very important.Contaminants usually become more dilute with distance.Samples taken outdoors usually show more variation withdistance than those taken indoors due to greater variations inair temperature, air pressure, wind speed, wind directio
32、n, andprecipitation washout. Outdoor samples can also be distributedand diluted over a much greater range of vertical and horizontaldistance. Even indoor concentrations may vary more than twoorders of magnitude between the floor and ceiling, or betweentwo locations more than a meter apart in any dir
33、ection (1, 2).4Samples taken from within the open face of local exhaustventilation, with the sample inlet facing into the moving air,will almost always indicate higher concentrations than thesame type of sample taken at or beyond the edge of the opening(3).7.2 It is essential that air samples be tak
34、en as close aspossible to the location of interest, as determined by thepurpose of sampling.7.2.1 Samples taken for the purpose of selection of engi-neering controls, evaluation of engineering controls, sourceidentification, or process control should usually be takendownwind of the source, and as cl
35、ose to it as possible.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.E 1370 96 (2002)27.2.2 Samples taken for the purpose of risk evaluation,exposure estimation, selection of personal protective equip-ment, selection of bioassay or biomonitoring proce
36、dures, andinvestigation of complaints should be taken as close as possibleto the breathing zone of the person affected.7.2.3 Where a workers activities influence the emission ofa contaminant, breathing zone samples will usually indicateconcentrations up to one order of magnitude higher than nearbyfi
37、xed location samples (2, 4).7.2.4 If the workers activities do not influence emission,then breathing zone samples will usually indicate concentra-tions the same as, or lower than, nearby fixed location samplers(1). The workers exposure will usually be lower than theconcentration indicated by fixed l
38、ocation samplers, if theworker is in and out of the contaminated area and does notaffect emissions.7.2.5 When personal breathing zone samples are appropri-ate but do not provide adequate sensitivity, fixed or portablesamplers with higher sensitivities must be used and should beplaced at about breath
39、ing height above the ground or floor.7.3 Alarm samplers are a special case. They may producefalse as well as true alarms.7.3.1 Use of a large number of alarm samplers should beavoided. When used, they must be placed where there is a highprobability they will warn personnel of a contaminant orcontrol
40、 equipment failure that results in hazardous air concen-trations.7.3.2 Agood practice is to place indoor alarm samplers in orvery near exhaust ventilation. They may not sample the highestconcentrations at this location, but they are more likely to beexposed to some increase in concentration if a rel
41、ease occursanywhere in the room.7.3.3 Outdoor alarm samplers should be placed far enoughdownwind of potential sources to allow mixing eddies todiffuse the plume enough to detect some concentration at thesampler.7.4 Samples taken for the purpose of compliance should usethe rules of good practice to t
42、he maximum extent possible,while complying with all specific requirements of the regula-tions. The user may also sample in additional locations, withadditional types of samplers, or with additional analyticalmethods.8. What to Sample8.1 For most purposes of sampling, the contaminant ofconcern should
43、 be sampled.8.2 The number and types of analytical methods availablewill determine the results that can be obtained.8.3 In some cases, such as source identification, selection ofengineering controls, and evaluation of engineering controls, amarker material other than the contaminant of interest may
44、besampled with greater ease or sensitivity, or both, as long as themarker material concentration is proportional to the sourcestrength of the contaminant.9. How to Sample9.1 How samples should be taken depends on the type ofsampling instruments available, analytical methods employed,and the purpose
45、of sampling. Other factors may also beimportant.9.2 Sampling instruments can influence sampling strategy,due to their size, space requirements, and mass. For example:9.2.1 Vertical Elutriatorused in cotton dust sampling istoo large to be placed on the worker.9.2.2 A Small Pump and Sample Collector c
46、an be placedon the worker, but the worker may object to its noise and bulk.9.2.3 Dosimeter Badgecan be placed on the individual,over the entire shift, with little or no complaint from norhinderance to the worker.9.2.4 Detector Tubesdesigned for taking very short termsamples.9.2.5 Personal Sampling P
47、umpsdesigned for long termsampling.NOTE 1Some sampling instruments are capable of measuring morethan one contaminant simultaneously.9.3 Analytical methods affect strategy by placing limits onminimum and maximum collection durations for each sample.Also, multiple contaminants may have to be sampled s
48、epa-rately, on different collection media. Even for materialssampled in the same medium, separate samples may benecessary, due to different methods of desorption and extrac-tion and different instrument conditions in the analyticallaboratory.9.4 The purpose of sampling will profoundly affect howsamp
49、ling is approached.9.4.1 Selection and evaluation of engineering controls, se-lection of respiratory protection or bioassay/biomonitoringtechniques, or both, source identification, and process controlsamples are not usually compared to health standards.9.4.2 Risk evaluation, exposure estimation, exposure docu-mentation, and compliance samples are usually compared tohealth standards, such as the OEL (Occupational ExposureLimit), PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit) or TLV (ThresholdLimit Value), and are usually best collected with personalsamplers.10. When to Samp
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