1、Designation: E1370 96 (Reapproved 2008)E1370 14Standard Guide forAir Sampling Strategies for Worker and WorkplaceProtection1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1370; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 To provide This guide describes criteria to be used in defining air sampling strategies for workplace heal
3、th and safetymonitoring or evaluation, such as:evaluation. Sampling criteria such as duration, frequency, number, location, method, equipment,and timing. timing are all considered.1.2 When sampling is done to determine if the conditions in the workplace are in compliance with regulations of the U.S.
4、Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), many of these criteria, for specific hazardous substances, are stated in29 CFR 1910.Where air sampling is prescribed by law or regulation, this guide is not intended to take the place of any requirementsthat may be specified in such law or regula
5、tion.1.3 Guidance for surface sampling strategies for metals and metalloids is provided in Guide D7659.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and h
6、ealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of AtmospheresD4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD7659 Guide for Strategies for Surface Sampling of Meta
7、ls and Metalloids for Worker ProtectionE1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and Safety2.2 Other Documents:ISO Standards:329ISO 7708 CFR 1910Particle Size Fraction Definitions for Health-Related SamplingISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Labo
8、ratoriesEN 1540 Workplace ExposureTerminology3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms relating to occupational health and safety, see Terminology E1542.3.2 For definitions of terms relating to atmospheric sampling and analysis, see Terminology D1356.3.3 Definitions:3.3.1 alarm samplersampling devi
9、ce that produces an alarm (audible, visible, or both) when the concentration of a substanceexceeds a pre-set value.3.3.2 exposure (by inhalation)situation in which a chemical or biological agent is present in the air that is inhaled by a person.EN 15403.3.3 occupational exposure limitupper bound on
10、the acceptable concentration of a hazardous substance in workplace air.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on Workplace Air Quality.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008April 1, 2014. Published September 2
11、008May 2014. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20022008 asE1370 96 (2002).(2008). DOI: 10.1520/E1370-96R08.10.1520/E1370-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM St
12、andardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Code of Federal Regulations, available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.Available from International Organization for Standardization(ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211
13、 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, A
14、STM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.3.3
15、.1 DiscussionTypically established by national authorities in efforts to protect workers health.3.3.4 professional judgmentapplication and appropriate use of knowledge gained from formal education, experience,experimentation, inference, and analogy. D76593.3.4.1 DiscussionThe capacity of an experien
16、ced professional to draw correct inferences from incomplete quantitative data, frequently on the basisof observations, analogy, and intuition.3.3.5 sampling excursionduration of time during which active sampling is not being performed, typically between twodurations of active sampling.4. Significanc
17、e and Use4.1 To describe This guide describes standard approaches used to determineformulate air sampling strategies before any actualair sampling occurs.4.2 For the majority of the purposes for sampling, most workplace air sampling purposes, and for the majority of the materialssampled, air samplin
18、g strategies are matters of choice.Air sampling in the workplace may be done for single or multiple purposes.Conflicts purposes, such as health impact, hazard or risk assessment, compliance assessment, or investigation of complaints.Problems can arise when a single air sampling strategy is expected
19、to satisfy multiple diverse purposes.4.2.1 Limitations of Proper consideration of limitations of cost, space, power requirements, equipment, analytical methods,training and personnel requirements result in an optimum a best available strategy for each purpose.4.2.2 A strategy designed to satisfy mul
20、tiple purposes must be a compromise among several alternatives, and will not beoptimum for any one purpose.purpose; however, the strategy should be appropriate for the intended purpose(s).4.2.3 The purpose or purposes offor sampling should be explicitly stated before a sampling strategy is selected.
21、 Good selectedin order to ensure that the sampling strategy is appropriate for the intended use. Good sampling practice, legal requirements, costof the sampling program, and the usefulnessutility of the results may be markedly different for different purposes ofsampling.intended sampling purposes.4.
22、3 This guide will not aid in the evaluation of air sampling data.4.3 This guide is intended for use by those who are preparing to evaluate the air quality in a work environment of a locationby air sampling, or who wish to obtain an understanding of what information can be obtained by carrying out ai
23、r sampling.4.4 This work was commissioned by the committee on Occupational Health and Safety because there was no documentavailable that drew together in one place the many diverse pieces of information about air sampling covered within it. This guidecannot guide should not be used as a stand-alone
24、document to evaluate any given air borne contaminant.airborne contaminant(s).4.5 This guide cannot take the place of sound professional judgment in development and execution of any sampling strategy.In most instances, a strategy based on a standard practice or method will need to be adjusted due to
25、conditions encountered in thefield. Documentation of any professional judgments applied to development or execution of a sampling strategy is essential.5. Air SamplingGeneral5.1 Air sampling results are Results from air sampling are but one of many sources of information about workplace health andsa
26、fety of conditions in a workplace. conditions. Air sampling should not be used to the exclusion or absence of other pertinentinformation.5.2 Bioassay and biomonitoring results, clinical observations, visual observation, quality and process control data, and materialbalance studies, where applicable,
27、 should always be used in conjunction with air sampling data.5.3 Qualitative agreement among separately obtained sources of information should will typically increase confidence in theinterpretation of workplace hazard or risk assessments. Disagreement among information sources or data should be cau
28、se forconcern, and provoke efforts to find out why the disagreement occurred.will result in investigation into the source(s) ofdisagreement.6. Purposes of for Air Sampling6.1 Risk EvaluationTo estimate the expected, or maximum, or both contaminant concentrations in the workplace. Theinformation obta
29、ined is used to recommend worker protection requirements and to assess the probability of sensitization orhypersensitivity reactions.E1370 1426.2 Exposure EstimationTo measure the actual concentrations of contaminant to which one particular worker is exposed. Theconcentrations measured may or may no
30、t be hazardous. In many cases, it is sufficient to show that any exposures are less than halfof applicable limits or standards. It may be necessary to show that an exposure does not exceed an applicable limit value withina stated degree of confidence.6.3 Exposure DocumentationTo provide the data bas
31、e necessary for epidemiological studies, when the existence of a healthhazard is postulated. It is similar to exposure estimation, but is focused more on job categories or job titles, rather than on anindividual worker, and requires the use of instruments and methods that minimize the likelihood of
32、obtaining results that are belowthe limits of detection.6.4 Facility CharacterizationTo determine the levels of the analyte or analytes of interest within a facility at an initial orbaseline point, during or after process operations, or as part of facility decommissioning.6.5 Selection of Engineerin
33、g ControlsTo determine, for contaminants that are not totally contained, the collection or captureefficiencies of control devices necessary to bring specific contaminant concentrations below applicable limits at specific locations.6.6 Evaluation of Engineering ControlsTo measure the quantities of co
34、ntaminants passing or escaping from a control devicedue to leaks, wear, damage, inadequate maintenance, overloading, or accidents.6.7 Selection of Personal Protective EquipmentTo determine the protection factor required for personal protective equipmentin order for a workerperson to inhabit work in
35、a contaminated or potentially contaminated area for a specific period of time.6.8 Selection of Bioassay or Biomonitoring Procedures, or BothTo determine the applicability of bioassay methods thatestimate an individuals total dose or body burden of a material and biomonitoring methods that estimate a
36、nindividualsindividuals rate of exposure or rate of uptake of a material.6.9 Compliance with Regulations and StandardsTo obtain the measurements required to satisfy legal requirements, or todetermine if exposures in the workplace are below legal limits.6.10 Source IdentificationTo single out the con
37、tribution of each of many potential sources of contamination, based on itsunique characteristics, each contaminants unique characteristics and other factors, such as emission fluctuations, wind directionand variability, dispersion conditions, and the presence or absence of distinct trace materials.6
38、.11 Process ControlTo ensure that the process being monitored is proceeding according to design, that valuable materials arenot being lost through leaks or side reactions, and that only those effluents expected, in the quantities expected, are being produced.This type of sampling can be used to dete
39、ct and halt process changes before hazardous air concentrations are produced.6.12 Education and TainingTo educate workers in the importance of sound control practices (for example, engineeringcontrols, personal protective equipment, good housekeeping).6.13 Investigation of ComplaintsTo resolve doubt
40、s and document the seriousness of reported hazardous releases. concernsexpressed by workers, management, or other stakeholders.7. Air Sampling PlansGeneral Considerations7.1 Sampling plans should be fit for the intended purpose or purposes. In general, this means that the outcome of the samplingcamp
41、aign will be a set of data that meets data quality objectives and can be evaluated to provide the intended information. Theintended purpose or purposes should be explicitly stated before evaluating sampling options or selecting a sampling strategy.Sampling should, to the extent practicable, be repre
42、sentative of the exposure being assessed.7.2 Principles of good practice, as well as applicable regulatory or legal requirements, should be considered and addressedduring development of the sampling plan.7.3 Limitations of the sampling plan should be considered and addressed. These include, but may
43、not be limited to, thefollowing:7.3.1 Ability to collect samples at desired sampling locations;7.3.2 Resource limitations such as time, cost, equipment, or trained personnel;7.3.3 Ability of the analytical laboratory to detect and report the analyte or analytes of interest in the given sample matrix
44、, withthe required data quality objectives at the anticipated concentration range; and7.3.4 Ability to evaluate the data, especially from a statistical perspective.7.4 Due to one or more of the limitations described in 7.3, it may be necessary to develop a single sampling plan intended toaccomplish
45、multiple purposes (see 6.2). When this is the case, conflicts may emerge with one or more of the criteria given inSections 9 11, and compromises will typically be required to optimize the overall sampling strategy. When this occurs, theresulting strategy may not be optimal for any one purpose.7.5 Wh
46、ether to collect a single sample, or a set of samples, is a key decision. Collection of a set of samples, rather than a singlesample, is normally recommended for proper data evaluation. A set of samples, rather than a single sample, is normally requiredin the following instances:E1370 1437.5.1 When
47、a comparison of “hot spots” to background locations is needed;7.5.2 When required to meet regulatory requirements;7.5.3 When a statistical evaluation of the data is needed.7.6 The following are examples of when a single sample may be appropriate:7.6.1 When physical limitations, such as collecting a
48、sample on a small item or accessibility limitations, prevent the collectionof multiple samples;7.6.2 When multiple operations are being performed simultaneously; in this instance, it may not be possible to collect more thanone sample per operation.7.7 In cases where sampling is performed in response
49、 to an emergency or other urgent situation, the sampling plan typically willbe based primarily on professional judgment, since planning time is at a minimum.7.8 The sampling plan should include appropriate quality assurance measures that will provide documentation, throughout thesampling event and subsequent collection and evaluation of data from the samples, that appropriate quality standards have beenmet.7.9 Documentation of how the sampling plan was developed is of great benefit in the event that issues arise in collecting oranalyzing the sample
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