1、Designation: E 1416 09Standard Test Method forRadioscopic Examination of Weldments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1416; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a uniform procedure for radio-scopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed inthis test method are intended to c
3、ontrol the quality of theradioscopic images and are not intended for controlling accept-ability or quality of welds.1.2 This test method applies only to the use of equipmentfor radioscopic examination in which the image is finallypresented on a display screen (monitor) for operator evalua-tion. The
4、examination may be recorded for later review. It doesnot apply to fully automated systems where evaluation isautomatically performed by computer.1.3 The radioscopic extent, the quality level, and the accep-tance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract,purchase order, product specif
5、ication, or drawings.1.4 This test method can be used for the detection ofdiscontinuities. This test method also facilitates the examina-tion of a weld from several directions, such as perpendicular tothe weld surface and along both weld bevel angles. Theradioscopic techniques described in this test
6、 method provideadequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it isrecognized that, for special applications, specific techniquesusing more stringent requirements may be needed to provideadditional detection capability. The use of specific radioscopictechniques shall be agreed upon between pu
7、rchaser and sup-plier.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user o
8、f this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE 543 Specificatio
9、n for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive TestingE 747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and MaterialGrouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators(IQI) Used for RadiologyE 1000 Guide for RadioscopyE 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Ima
10、ge Quality Indi-cators (IQI) Used for RadiologyE 1255 Practice for RadioscopyE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE 1453 Guide for Storage of Magnetic Tape Media thatContains Analog or Digital Radioscopic DataE 1475 Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer ofDigital Radiological
11、Examination DataE 1647 Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity inRadiologyE 1742 Practice for Radiographic Examination2.2 ASNT Standards:3ASNT Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A PersonnelQualification and Certification in Nondestructive TestingANSI/ASNT CP-189-ASNT Standard for Qualification a
12、ndCertification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel2.3 National Aerospace Standard:4NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTest Personnel3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 onNondestructive Testing and is the direct respon
13、sibility of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiology (X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E 1416 - 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custom
14、er Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4Available from Aerosp
15、ace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700,Arlington, VA22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.1 Definitions of terms applicable to this test m
16、ethod maybe found in Terminology E 1316.4. Apparatus4.1 Radiation Source (X-ray or Gamma-ray)Selection ofthe appropriate source is dependent upon variables regardingthe weld being examined, such as material composition andthickness. The suitability of the source shall be demonstratedby attainment of
17、 the required image quality and compliancewith all other requirements stipulated herein. Guidance on theselection of the radiation source may be found in Guide E 1000and Practice E 1255.4.2 Manipulation SystemSelection of the appropriate ma-nipulation system (where applicable) is dependent upon vari
18、-ables such as the size and orientation of the object beingexamined and the range of motions, speed of manipulation, andsmoothness of motion. The suitability of the manipulationsystem shall be demonstrated by attainment of the requiredimage quality and compliance with all other requirementsstipulate
19、d herein. Guidance on the selection of the manipula-tion system may be found in Practice E 1255.4.3 Imaging SystemSelection of the appropriate imagingsystem is dependent upon variables such as the size of theobject being examined and the energy and intensity of theradiation used for the examination.
20、 The suitability of theimaging system shall be demonstrated by attainment of therequired image quality and compliance with all other require-ments stipulated herein. Guidance on the selection of animaging system may be found in Guide E 1000 and PracticeE 1255.4.4 Image Processing SystemWhere agreed
21、between pur-chaser and supplier, image processing systems may be used fornoise reduction through image integration or averaging, con-trast enhancement and other image processing operations.4.5 CollimationSelection of appropriate collimation isdependent upon the geometry of the object being examined.
22、 Itis generally useful to select collimation to limit the primaryradiation beam to the weld and the immediately adjacent basematerial in order to improve radioscopic image quality.4.6 Filters and MaskingFilters and masking may be usedto improve image quality from contrast reductions caused bylow-ene
23、rgy scattered radiation. Guidance on the use of filtersand masking can be found in Guide E94.4.7 Image Quality Indicators (IQI)Unless otherwisespecified by the applicable job order or contract, image qualityindicators shall comply with the design and identificationrequirements specified in Practices
24、 E 747, E 1025, E 1647,orE 1742.4.8 Shims, Separate Blocks, or Like SectionsShims, sepa-rate blocks, or like sections made of the same or radioscopi-cally similar materials (as defined in Practice E 1025) may beused to facilitate image quality indicator positioning as de-scribed in 9.10.3. The like
25、section should be geometricallysimilar to the object being examined.4.9 Location and Identification MarkersLead numbersand letters should be used to designate the part number andlocation number. The size and thickness of the markers shalldepend on the ability of the radioscopic technique to discernt
26、he markers on the images. As a general rule, markers from0.06 to 0.12 in. (1.5 to 3 mm) thick will suffice for most lowenergy (less than 1 MeV) X-ray and iridium192radioscopy. Forhigher energy (greater than 1 MeV and cobalt60) radioscopy, itmay be necessary to use markers that are thicker (0.12 in.
27、(3mm) thick or more). In cases where the system being usedprovides a display of object position within the image, thisshall be acceptable as identification of object location.5. Materials5.1 Recording MediaRecording media for storage ofimages shall be in a format agreed by the purchaser andsupplier.
28、 This may include either analog or digital media.6. Basis of Application6.1 Personnel QualificationNDT personnel shall bequalified in accordance with a nationally recognized NDTpersonnel qualification practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS 410, or a similar document.The practi
29、ce or standard used and its applicable revision shallbe specified in the contractual agreement between the usingparties.6.2 Qualification of Nondestructive Testing AgenciesIfspecified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall bequalified and evaluated as described in Practice E 543. Theapplic
30、able edition of Practice E 543 shall be specified in thecontractual agreement.6.3 Time of ExaminationThe time of examination shall bein accordance with 9.1 unless otherwise specified.6.4 Procedures and TechniquesThe procedures and tech-niques to be utilized shall be as described in this test methodu
31、nless otherwise specified. Specific techniques may be speci-fied in the contractual agreement.6.5 Extent of ExaminationThe extent of examination shallbe in accordance with 8.3 unless otherwise specified.6.6 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance CriteriaReporting cri-teria for the examination results shall b
32、e in accordance withSection 10 unless otherwise specified.Acceptance criteria shallbe specified in the contractual agreement.6.7 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked ItemsReexamination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed inthis test method and if required shall be specified in thecontractual a
33、greement.7. Safety7.1 Radioscopic procedures shall comply with applicablecity, state, and federal safety regulations.8. Requirements8.1 Procedure RequirementUnless otherwise specified bythe applicable job order or contract, radioscopic examinationshall be performed in accordance with a written proce
34、dure.Specific requirements regarding the preparation and approvalof the written procedures shall be as agreed by purchaser andsupplier. The production procedure shall address all applicableportions of this test method and shall be available for reviewduring interpretation of the images. The written
35、procedure shallinclude the following:8.1.1 Material and thickness range to be examined,E14160928.1.2 Equipment to be used, including specifications ofsource parameters (such as tube voltage, current, focal spotsize) and imaging equipment parameters (such as detector size,field of view, electronic ma
36、gnification, camera black level,gain, look-up table (LUT),8.1.3 Examination geometry, including source-to-object dis-tance, object-to-detector distance and orientation,8.1.4 Image quality indicator designation and placement,8.1.5 Test-object scan plan, indicating the range of motionsand manipulation
37、 speeds through which the test object shall bemanipulated in order to ensure satisfactory results (see descrip-tion in 5.2.1.2 of Practice E 1255),8.1.6 Image-processing parameters,8.1.7 Image-display parameters, and8.1.8 Image storage.8.2 Radioscopic CoverageUnless otherwise specified bypurchaser a
38、nd supplier agreement, the extent of radioscopiccoverage shall include 100 % of the volume of the weld and theadjacent base metal.8.3 Examination SpeedFor dynamic examination, thespeed of object motion relative to the radiation source anddetector shall be controlled to ensure that the required radio
39、-scopic quality level is achieved.8.4 Radioscopic Image QualityAll images shall be free ofmarks or other blemishes that could mask or be confused withthe image of any discontinuity in the area of interest. It may bepossible to prevent blemishes from masking discontinuities orbeing confused with disc
40、ontinuities by moving the object beingexamined relative to the imaging device. If any doubt exists asto the true nature of an indication exhibited in the image, theimage shall be rejected and a new image of the area shall bemade.8.5 Radioscopic Quality LevelRadioscopic quality levelshall be determin
41、ed upon agreement between the purchaser andsupplier and shall be specified in the applicable job order orcontract. Radioscopic quality shall be specified in terms ofequivalent penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity and shall be measuredusing image quality indicators conforming to Practices E 747,E 1025,orE
42、1742.8.6 Acceptance LevelAccept and reject levels shall bestipulated by the applicable contract, job order, drawing, orother purchaser and supplier agreement.8.7 Image-Viewing FacilitiesViewing facilities shall pro-vide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will notcause troublesome refle
43、ction, shadows, or glare on the image.8.8 Storage of ImagesWhen storage is required by theapplicable job order or contract, the images should be stored ina format stipulated by the applicable contract, job order,drawing, or other purchaser and supplier agreement. Theimage-storage duration and locati
44、on shall be as agreed betweenpurchaser and supplier (see Guides E 1453 and E 1475).9. Procedure9.1 Time of ExaminationUnless otherwise specified bythe applicable job order or contract, perform radioscopy priorto heat treatment.9.2 Surface PreparationUnless otherwise agreed upon,remove the weld bead
45、ripple or weld-surface irregularities onboth the inside and outside (where accessible) by any suitableprocess so that the image of the irregularities cannot mask, orbe confused with, the image of any discontinuity. Interpretationcan be optimized if surface irregularities are removed such thatthe ima
46、ge of the irregularities is not discernible.9.3 Source to Detector DistanceUnless otherwise speci-fied in the applicable job order or contract, geometric unsharp-ness (Ug) shall not exceed the following:Material Thickness Ug, max, in. (mm)under 2 in. (50 mm) 0.020 (0.50)2 through 3 in. (50 through 7
47、5 mm) 0.030 (0.75)over 3 through 4 in. (75 through 100 mm) 0.040 (1.00)greater than 4 in. (100 mm) 0.070 (1.75)Determine geometric unsharpness values as specified inGuide E 1000.9.4 Examination SpeedFor dynamic examination, deter-mine the speed of object motion relative to the radiation sourceand de
48、tector upon agreement between the purchaser andsupplier. Base this determination upon the achievement of therequired radioscopic quality level at that examination speed.9.5 Direction of the RadiationDirect the central beam ofradiation perpendicularly toward the center of the effective areaof the det
49、ector or to a plane tangent to the center of the image,to the maximum extent possible, except for double-wallexposure-double-wall viewing elliptical projection techniques,as described in 9.14.2.9.6 Scattered RadiationScattered radiation (radiationscattered from the test object and from surrounding structures)reduces radioscopic contrast and may produce undesirableeffects on radioscopic quality. Use precautions such as colli-mation of the source, collimation of the detector, and additionalshielding as appropriate to minimize the detrimental effects ofthi
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