1、Designation: E1418 16Standard Practice forVisible Penetrant Testing Using the Water-WashableProcess1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1418; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes procedures for visible liquidpenetrant examination utilizing the water-washable process. Itis a nondestruc
3、tive practice for detecting discontinuities thatare open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts,laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks or lack of fusionand is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance exami-nation. This practice can be effectively used in the examinatio
4、nof nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous,and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densifiedceramics, and certain nonporous plastics, and glass.1.2 This practice also provides the following references:1.2.1 A reference by which visible penetrant examinationprocedures
5、 using the water-washable process can be reviewedto ascertain their applicability and completeness.1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specificationsdealing with the visible, water-washable liquid penetrant ex-amination of materials and parts. Agreement between the userand the supplier regar
6、ding specific techniques is stronglyrecommended.1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities andpersonnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.1.3 This practice does not indicate or suggest criteria forevaluation of the indications obtained. It should be noted,however, that after i
7、ndications have been produced, they mustbe interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purposethere must be a separate code, specification, or a specificagreement to define the type, size, location, and orientation ofindications considered acceptable, and those considered unac-ceptable.1.
8、4 The values stated in inch-pound units are regarded asstandard. SI units given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 Basis of ApplicationThere are areas in this practicethat may require agreement between the cognizant engineeringorganization and the supplier, or specific direction from thecog
9、nizant engineering organization. These areas are identifiedas follows:1.5.1 Penetrant type, method and sensitivity,1.5.2 Accept/reject criteria,1.5.3 Personnel qualification requirements,1.5.4 Grit blasting,1.5.5 Etching,1.5.6 Indication/discontinuity sizing,1.5.7 Total processing time, and1.5.8 Mar
10、king of parts.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2
11、. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)D516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in WaterD808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used PetroleumProducts (High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)D1552 Te
12、st Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byHigh Temperature Combustion and Infrared (IR) Detec-tion or Thermal Conducitivity Detection (TCD)E165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination forGeneral IndustryE433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-tionE543 Specification for Agen
13、cies Performing NondestructiveTestingE1219 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant TestingUsing the Solvent-Removable ProcessE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility o
14、f Subcommittee E07.03 on LiquidPenetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2016. Published August 2016. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E1418 - 10. DOI:10.1520/E1418-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm
15、.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 ASNT St
16、andards:Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A for NondestructiveTesting Personnel Qualification and Certification3ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-cation of NDT Personnel32.3 Other Standards:ISO 9712 Non-destructive TestingQualification and Cer-tification of NDT PersonnelGeneral Prin
17、ciples4AMS 2644 Inspection Material, Penetrant52.4 AIA Standard:NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTest Personnel62.5 DoD ContractsUnless otherwise specified, the issue of the documents thatare DoD adopted are those listed in the issue of theDoDISS (Department of Defense Index
18、of Specificationsand Standards) cited in the solicitation.2.6 Order of PrecedenceIn the event of conflict between the text of this practice andthe references cited herein, the text of this practice takesprecedence.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The definitions relating to liquid penetrant exami
19、na-tion that appear in Terminology E1316, shall apply to the termsused in this practice.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A liquid penetrant is applied evenly over the surfacebeing examined and allowed to enter open discontinuities.After a suitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant isremoved with wat
20、er and the surface is dried prior to theapplication of a developer. A developer is then applied,drawing the entrapped penetrant out of the discontinuities andstaining the developer. If an aqueous developer is to beemployed, the developer is applied prior to the drying step.After application of the d
21、eveloper, a suitable development timeis allowed to permit the entrapped penetrant to exit from thediscontinuities. The test surface is then examined visuallyunder adequate illumination to determine the presence orabsence of indications.4.2 The selection of specific water-washable penetrant pro-cess
22、parameters depends upon the nature of the application,conditions under which the examination is to be performed,availability of processing equipment, and type of materials toperform the examination. (WarningA controlled method forapplying water and disposing of the water is essential.)4.3 Processing
23、 parameters, such as precleaning, penetrationtime and wash times, are determined by the specific materialsused, the nature of the part under examination (that is, size,shape, surface condition, alloy) and type of discontinuitiesexpected.5. Significance and Use5.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods
24、 indicate thepresence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature andmagnitude of the detected discontinuities. This practice isnormally used for production examination of large volumes ofparts or structures, where emphasis is on productivity. Thispractice offers a wide latitude in applicability
25、 when extensiveand controlled conditions are available.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Visible, Water-Washable Liquid Penetrant TestingMaterials, consisting of applicable visible penetrants as rec-ommended by the manufacturer, and are classified as Type IIVisible Method AWater-Washable (see Note 1). Pe
26、netrantmaterials shall conform to AMS 2644 unless approved by thecontract or Level III. (WarningWhile approved penetrantmaterials will not adversely affect common metallic materials,some plastics or rubber may be swollen or stained by certainpenetrants.)NOTE 1Refer to 8.1 for special requirements fo
27、r sulfur, halogen, andalkali metal content.6.2 Water-Washable Penetrants, designed to be directlywater-washable from the surface of the part, after a suitablepenetrant dwell time. Because the emulsifier is “built-in” to thewater-washable penetrant, it is extremely important to exerciseproper process
28、 control in removing excess penetrant to ensureagainst overwashing. Water-washable penetrants can bewashed out of discontinuities if the washing step is too long ortoo vigorous. Some penetrants are less resistant to overwashingthan others.6.3 DevelopersDevelopment of penetrant indications isthe proc
29、ess of bringing the penetrant out of open discontinui-ties through the blotting action of the applied developer, thusincreasing the visibility of the penetrant indications. Thedeveloper used shall provide a contrasting white background.Several types of developers are suitable for use in the visiblep
30、enetrant water-washable process.6.3.1 Aqueous Developers, normally supplied as dry powderparticles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble) in water.The concentration, use, and maintenance shall be in accordancewith the manufacturers recommendations (see 7.1.7.1).(WarningAqueous developers may
31、cause stripping ofindications, if not properly applied and controlled. The proce-dure should be qualified in accordance with 9.2.)6.3.2 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers, normally supplied assuspensions of developer particles in a volatile solvent carrierand are ready for use as supplied. They are applied
32、to thesurface by spraying after the excess penetrant has beenremoved and the surface has dried. Nonaqueous wet develop-ers form a white coating on the surface of the part when driedand serve as a contrasting background for visible penetrants3Available from TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Test
33、ing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.5Available from SAE International (SAE),
34、400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,PA 15096, http:/www.sae.org.6Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005.E1418 162(see 7.1.7.2). (WarningThis type of developer is intendedfor application by spray only.)6.3.3 Liquid Film Developers
35、, solutions or colloidal suspen-sions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. These developerswill form a transparent or translucent coating on the surface ofthe part. Certain types of film developers will fix indicationsand may be stripped from the part and retained for recordpurposes (see section
36、 7.1.7.3).7. Procedure7.1 The following general procedures applies to the water-washable, visible penetrant examination method (see Fig. 1).7.1.1 Temperature LimitsThe temperature of the penetrantmaterials and the surface of the part to be processed should befrom 40 to 125F (4 to 52C). When it is no
37、t practical tocomply with these temperature limitations, the procedure mustbe qualified at the temperature of intended use as described in9.2.7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to PenetrantExaminationSatisfactory results can usually be obtained onsurfaces in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-fo
38、rgedconditions (or for ceramics in the densified condition). Whenonly loose surface residuals are present, these may be removedby wiping with a clean lint-free cloth. However, pre-cleaningof metals to remove processing residuals such as oil, graphite,scale, insulating materials, coatings, etc. shoul
39、d be done usingcleaning solvents, vapor degreasing, or chemical removingprocesses. Surface conditioning by grinding, machining,polishing, or etching shall follow shot, sand, grit, and vaporblasting to remove the peened skin, and when penetrantentrapment in surface irregularities might mask the indic
40、ationsof unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise interfere with theeffectiveness of the examination. For metals unless otherwisespecified, perform etching when evidence exists that previouscleaning, surface treatments, or service usage have produced asurface condition that degrades the effectivene
41、ss of penetrantexamination. (SeeAnnexA1.1.1.8 in Practice E165/E165M forprecautions).NOTE 2When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blastingwithout subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.(WarningSand or shot blasting may possibly close indications andextreme care should be u
42、sed with grinding and machining operations.)NOTE 3For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation bygrinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is notrecommended because of the potential for damage.7.1.3 Removal of Surface Contaminants:7.1.3.1 PrecleaningThe success of a
43、ny penetrant exami-nation procedure is greatly dependent upon the surface anddiscontinuity being free of any contaminant (solid or liquid)that might interfere with the penetrant process. All parts orareas of parts to be examined must be clean and dry before thepenetrant is applied. If only a section
44、 of a part, such as weld,Incoming PartsPRECLEAN Alkaline Steam Vapor Degrease Solvent Wash Acid Etch(See 7.1.3.1)Mechanical Paint Stripper Ultrasonic DetergentDRY(See 7.1.3.2)DryPENETRANTAPPLICATION(See 7.1.4)Apply Water-WashablePenetrantFINAL RINSE(See 7.1.5) Water WashSpray DipDeveloper(Aqueous)DR
45、Y DEVELOP(See 7.1.6) (See 7.1.7)DryDeveloper,Nonaqueous orLiquid FilmDEVELOP DRY(See 7.1.7) (See 7.1.6)DryEXAMINEVisible (See 7.1.8) ExamineWater Rinse DetergentMechanicalWashPOST CLEAN(See 7.1.10 and Prac-tice E165/E165M, An-nexon Post Cleaning.)DryVaporDegreaseSolvent SoakUltrasonicCleanOutgoing P
46、artsFIG. 1 General Procedure Flowsheet for Visible Penetrant Examination Using the Water-Washable ProcessE1418 163including the heat affected zone is to be examined, remove allcontaminants from the area being examined as defined by thecontracting parties.“ Clean” is intended to mean that thesurface
47、must be free of rust, scale, welding flux, spatter, grease,paint, oily films, dirt, etc., that might interfere with penetration.All of these contaminants can prevent the penetrant fromentering discontinuities. (See the annex on Cleaning of Partsand Materials in Practice E165/E165M for more detailedc
48、leaning methods.) (WarningResidues from cleaning pro-cesses such as strong alkalies, pickling solutions, andchromates, in particular, may adversely react with the penetrantand reduce its sensitivity and performance.)7.1.3.2 Drying After CleaningIt is essential that the sur-faces be thoroughly dry af
49、ter cleaning, since any liquid residuewill hinder the entrance of the penetrant. Drying may beaccomplished by warming the parts in drying ovens, withinfrared lamps, forced hot or cold air, or by exposure toambient temperature.7.1.4 Penetrant ApplicationsAfter the area to be exam-ined has been cleaned, dried, and is within the specifiedtemperature range, apply the penetrant to the surface to beexamined so that the entire part or area under examination iscompletely covered with penetrant.7.1.4.1 Modes of ApplicationThere are various modes ofeffective applicati
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