1、Designation: E1419/E1419M 15Standard Practice forExamination of Seamless, Gas-Filled, Pressure VesselsUsing Acoustic Emission1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1419/E1419M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice provides guidelines for acoustic emission(AE) examinations of seamless pressure ve
3、ssels (tubes) of thetype used for distribution or storage of industrial gases.1.2 This practice requires pressurization to a level greaterthan normal use. Pressurization medium may be gas or liquid.1.3 This practice does not apply to vessels in cryogenicservice.1.4 The AE measurements are used to de
4、tect and locateemission sources. Other nondestructive test (NDT) methodsmust be used to evaluate the significance of AE sources.Procedures for other NDT techniques are beyond the scope ofthis practice. See Note 1.NOTE 1Shear wave, angle beam ultrasonic examination is commonlyused to establish circum
5、ferential position and dimensions of flaws thatproduceAE. Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD), ultrasonic examination isalso commonly used for flaw sizing.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be e
6、xact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of t
7、he user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nond
8、estructiveTestingE650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic EmissionSensorsE976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility ofAcousticEmission Sensor ResponseE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE2223 Practice for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled,Steel Pressure Vessels Using Angle B
9、eam UltrasonicsE2075 Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-SensorResponse Using an Acrylic RodE2374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System PerformanceVerification2.2 ASNT Standards:3Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A for NondestructiveTesting Personnel Qualification and CertificationANSI/ASNT CP-189
10、Standard for Qualification and Certifi-cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel2.3 Code of Federal Regulations:Section 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Hazardous Mate-rials Regulations of the Department of Transportation,Paragraphs 173.34, 173.301, 178.36, 178.37, and 178.4542.4 Compressed Gas Ass
11、ociation Standard:5Pamphlet C-5 Service Life, Seamless High Pressure Cylin-ders1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 onAcoustic Emission Method.Current edition approved June 1, 2015. Published
12、 July 2015. Originally approvedin 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1419 09. DOI: 10.1520/E1419_E1419M-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refe
13、r to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fromAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St.
14、, NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.5Available from Compressed Gas Association (CGA), 4221 Walney Rd., 5thFloor, Chantilly, VA 20151-2923, http:/.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
15、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1CGA-C18 Methods for Acoustic Emission Requalificationof Seamless Steel Compressed Gas Tubes2.5 AIA Document:NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTesting Personnel62.6 ISO Standards:7ISO 9712 Non-destructive TestingQualific
16、ation and Cer-tification of NDT PersonnelISO 16148 Gas CylindersAcoustic Emission Testing (AT)for Periodic Inspection3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSee Terminology E1316 for general termi-nology applicable to this practice.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 fracture critical flaw
17、a flaw that is large enough toexhibit unstable growth at service conditions.3.2.2 marked service pressurepressure for which a vesselis rated. Normally this value is stamped on the vessel.3.2.3 normal fill pressurelevel to which a vessel is pres-surized. This may be greater, or may be less, than mark
18、edservice pressure.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The AE sensors are mounted on a vessel, and emissionis monitored while the vessel is pressurized above normal fillpressure.4.2 Sensors are mounted at each end of the vessel and areconnected to an acoustic emission signal processor. The signalprocessor use
19、s measured times of arrival of emission bursts todetermine linear location of emission sources. If measuredemission exceeds a prescribed level (that is, specific locationsproduce enough events), then such locations receive secondaryNDT (for example, ultrasonic examination).4.3 Secondary examination
20、establishes presence of flawsand measures flaw dimensions.4.4 If flaw depth exceeds a prescribed limit (that is, aconservative limit that is based on construction material, wallthickness, fatigue crack growth estimates, and fracture criticalflaw depth calculations), then the vessel must be removed f
21、romservice.5. Significance and Use5.1 Because of safety considerations, regulatory agencies(for example, U.S. Department of Transportation) requireperiodic examinations of vessels used in transportation ofindustrial gases (see Section 49, Code of Federal Regulations).The AE examination has become ac
22、cepted as an alternative tothe common hydrostatic proof test. In the common hydrostatictest, volumetric expansion of vessels is measured.5.2 An AE examination should not be performed for aperiod of one year after a common hydrostatic test. See Note 2.NOTE 2The Kaiser effect relates to decreased emis
23、sion that isexpected during a second pressurization. Common hydrostatic tests use arelatively high pressure (167 % of normal service pressure). (See Section49, Code of Federal Regulations.) If an AE examination is performed toosoon after such a pressurization, the AE results will be insensitive to a
24、lower examination pressure (that is, the lower pressure that is associatedwith an AE examination).5.3 Pressurization:5.3.1 General practice in the gas industry is to use lowpressurization rates. This practice promotes safety and reducesequipment investment. The AE examinations should be per-formed w
25、ith pressurization rates that allow vessel deformationto be in equilibrium with the applied load. Typical currentpractice is to use rates that approximate 3.45 MPa/h500 psi h.5.3.2 Gas compressors heat the pressurizing medium. Afterpressurization, vessel pressure may decay as gas temperatureequilibr
26、ates with ambient conditions.5.3.3 Emission from flaws is caused by flaw growth andsecondary sources (for example, crack surface contact andcontained mill scale). Secondary sources can produce emissionthroughout vessel pressurization.5.3.4 When pressure within a vessel is low, and gas is thepressuri
27、zing medium, flow velocities are relatively high. Flow-ing gas (turbulence) and impact by entrained particles canproduce measurable emission. Considering this, acquisition ofAE data may commence at some pressure greater than startingpressure (for example,13 of maximum examination pressure).5.3.5 Max
28、imum Test PressureSerious flaws usually pro-duce more acoustic emission (that is, more events, events withhigher peak amplitude) from secondary sources than from flawgrowth. When vessels are pressurized, flaws produce emissionat pressures less than normal fill pressure. A maximum exami-nation pressu
29、re that is 10 % greater than normal fill pressureallows measurement of emission from secondary sources inflaws and from flaw growth.5.3.6 Pressurization SchedulePressurization should pro-ceed at rates that do not produce noise from the pressurizingmedium and that allow vessel deformation to be in eq
30、uilibriumwith applied load. Pressure holds are not necessary; however,they may be useful for reasons other than measurement of AE.5.4 Excess background noise may distort AE data or renderthem useless. Users must be aware of the following commonsources of background noise: high gas-fill rate (measura
31、bleflow noise); mechanical contact with the vessel by objects;electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency inter-ference (RFI) from nearby broadcasting facilities and fromother sources; leaks at pipe or hose connections; and airbornesand particles, insects, or rain drops. This practice sho
32、uld notbe used if background noise cannot be eliminated or controlled.5.5 Alternate procedures are found in ISO 16148 and CGAC18. These include hydrostatic proof pressurization of indi-vidual vessels and data interpretation using modal analysistechniques6Available from Aerospace Industries Associati
33、on of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700,Arlington, VA22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.7Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.E1419/E1419M 1526. Basis of Application
34、6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-ment between the parties using or referencing this practice.6.2 Personnel QualificationIf specified in the contractualagreement, personnel performing examinations to this standardshall be qualified in accordance with a nationally or interna-ti
35、onally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice orstandard such asANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410,ISO 9712, or a similar document and certified by the employeror certifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standardused and its applicable revision shall be identified in thecontractu
36、al agreement between the using parties.6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive AgenciesIf specifiedin the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualifiedand evaluated as described in Practice E543. The applicableedition of Practice E543 shall be specified in the contractualagreement.6.4 Time of E
37、xaminationThe timing of examination shallbe in accordance with 5.2 unless otherwise specified.6.5 Extent of ExaminationThe extent of examination in-cludes the entire pressure vessel unless otherwise specified.6.6 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance CriteriaReporting cri-teria for the examination results s
38、hall be in accordance withSection 11 unless otherwise specified. Since acceptance criteria(for example, reference radiographs) are not specified in thispractice, they shall be specified in the contractual agreement.6.7 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked ItemsReexamination of repaired/reworked items
39、is not addressed inthis practice and if required shall be specified in the contractualagreement.7. Apparatus7.1 Essential features of the apparatus required for thispractice are provided in Fig. 1. Full specifications are in AnnexA1.7.2 Couplant must be used to acoustically connect sensorsto the ves
40、sel surface. Adhesives that have acceptable acousticproperties, and adhesives used in combination with traditionalcouplants, are acceptable.7.3 Sensors may be held in place with magnets, adhesivetape, or other mechanical means.7.4 The AE sensors are used to detect strain-induced stresswaves produced
41、 by flaws. Sensors must be held in contact withthe vessel wall to ensure adequate acoustic coupling.7.5 A preamplifier may be enclosed in the sensor housing orin a separate enclosure. If a separate preamplifier is used, cablelength, between sensor and preamp, must not exceed 2 m6.6 ft.7.6 Power/sign
42、al cable length (that is, cable between pre-amp and signal processor) shall not exceed 150 m 500 ft. SeeA1.5.7.7 Signal processors are computerized instruments withindependent channels that filter, measure, and convert analoginformation into digital form for display and permanent stor-age.Asignal pr
43、ocessor must have sufficient speed and capacityto independently process data from all sensors simultaneously.The signal processor should provide capability to filter data forreplay. A printer should be used to provide hard copies ofexamination results.7.7.1 A video monitor should display processed e
44、xamina-tion data in various formats. Display format may be selected bythe equipment operator.FIG. 1 Essential Features of the Apparatus with Typical Sensor PlacementsE1419/E1419M 1537.7.2 A data storage device may be used to provide data forreplay or for archives.7.7.3 Hard copy output capability sh
45、ould be available froma printer or equivalent device.8. Safety Precautions8.1 As in any pressurization of metal vessels, ambienttemperature should not be below the ductile-brittle transitiontemperature of the pressure vessel construction material.9. Calibration and Standardization9.1 Annual calibrat
46、ion and verification of pressuretransducer, AE sensors, preamplifiers (if applicable), signalprocessor (particularly the signal processor time reference),and AE electronic waveform generator should be performed.Equipment should be adjusted so that it conforms to equipmentmanufacturers specifications
47、. Instruments used for calibra-tions must have current accuracy certification that is traceableto the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST).9.2 Routine electronic evaluation of the signal processorshould be performed monthly and any time there is concernabout signal processor perfor
48、mance. An AE electronic wave-form generator should be used in making evaluations. Eachsignal processor channel must respond with peak amplitudereading within 62 dBV of the electronic waveform generatoroutput.9.3 Routine evaluation of the sensors should be performedmonthly. An accepted procedure for
49、this purpose found inPractice E2075 and Guide E976.9.4 Routine verification of the systems ability to locate andcluster data should be performed monthly. With two sensorsmounted on one tube and a ruler taped to the tube surface, usea pencil lead break (PLB) at 60 cm 2 ft. intervals along theentire length of the tube (5 PLBs at each point). Examine therecorded data to verify that locations and clusters are in thecorrect positions.9.5 Pre-examination and post-examination, system perfor-mance verification must be conducted immediately be
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