1、Designation: E1486 98 (Reapproved 2010)E1486 14Standard Test Method forDetermining Floor Tolerances Using Waviness, Wheel Pathand Levelness Criteria1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1486; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers data collection and analysis procedures to determine surf
3、ace flatness and levelness by calculatingwaviness indices for survey lines and surfaces, elevation differences of defined wheel paths, and levelness indices using theinch-pound system of units.NOTE 1This test method is the companion to SI Test Method E1486M; therefore, no SI equivalents are shown in
4、 this test method.NOTE 2This test method was not developed for, and does not apply to, clay or concrete paver units.1.1.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide the user with floor tolerance estimates as follows:1.1.1.1 Local survey line waviness and overall surface waviness indices for floor
5、s based on deviations from the midpoints ofimaginary chords as they are moved along a floor elevation profile survey line. End points of the chords are always in contact withthe surface. The imaginary chords cut through any points in the concrete surface higher than the chords.1.1.1.2 Defined wheel
6、path criteria based on transverse and longitudinal elevation differences, change in elevation difference,and root mean square (RMS) elevation difference.1.1.1.3 Levelness criteria for surfaces characterized by either of the following methods: the conformance of elevation data tothe test section elev
7、ation data mean or the conformance of the RMS slope of each survey line to a specified slope for each surveyline.1.1.2 The averages used throughout these calculations are RMS (that is, the quadratic means). This test method gives equalimportance to humps and dips, measured up (+) and down (), respec
8、tively, from the imaginary chords.1.1.3 Appendix X1 is a commentary on this test method. Appendix X2 provides a computer program for waviness indexcalculations based on this test method.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are includ
9、ed in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to us
10、e.2. Referenced Document2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1486M Test Method for Determining Floor Tolerances Using Waviness, Wheel Path and Levelness Criteria (Metric)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 defined wheel path traffctraffic on surfaces, or specifically identifiable
11、portions thereof, intended for defined linear trafficby vehicles with two primary axles and four primary load wheel contact points on the floor and with corresponding front and rearprimary wheels in approximately the same wheel paths.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06
12、 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.21 onServiceability.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010April 1, 2014. Published November 2010May 2014. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20042010 asE1486 98 (2004).(2010). DOI: 10.1520/E1
13、486-98R10.10.1520/E1486-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM stand
14、ard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases
15、 only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.2 levelnessdescribed in two ways: the conformance of surface elevation data to
16、 the mean elevation of a test section(elevation conformance), and as the conformance of survey line slope to a specified slope (RMS levelness).3.1.2.1 elevation conformancethe percentage of surface elevation data, hi, that lie within the tolerance specified from the meanelevation of a test section.
17、The absolute value of the distance of all points, hi, from the test section data mean is tested against thespecification, dmax. Passing values are counted, and that total is divided by the aggregate quantity of elevation data points for thetest section and percent passing is reported.3.1.2.2 RMS lev
18、elnessdirectionally dependent calculation of the RMS of the slopes of the least squares fit line throughsuccessive 15-ft long sections of a survey line, L. The RMS LVL is compared with the specified surface slope and specifiedmaximum deviation to determine compliance.3.1.3 Waviness Index Terms:3.1.3
19、.1 chord lengththe length of an imaginary straight-edge (chord) joining the two end points at j and j + 2k. This lengthis equal to 2ks (see Fig. 1) where the survey spacing s is equal to 1 ft and k is equal to 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 to define chord lengthsof 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ft, respectively, unless va
20、lues for s and k are otherwise stated.3.1.3.2 deviation (Dkj)the vertical distance between the surface and the mid-point, j + ks, of a chord of length 2ks whose endpoints are in contact with the surface.3.1.3.3 length adjusted RMS deviation (LADk)calculated for a reference length Lr of 10 ft, unless
21、 otherwise stated, in orderto obtain deviations that are independent of the various chord lengths, 2ks.3.1.3.4 wavinessthe relative degree to which a survey line deviates from a straight line.3.1.4 Symbols:A = area of test section, ft2.d = point i, of the (15/s + 1) point subset of i = 1 to imax, wh
22、ere d is a point within the (15/s + 1) point subset, usedto evaluate RMS levelness.dhL = number of elevation data points of survey line, L, which lie within the maximum allowable deviation from the testsection elevation data mean, dmax.Dkj = deviation from chord midpoint, j + k, to the survey line,
23、in.dmax = specified maximum allowable deviation from the test section elevation data mean.EC = the percentage of elevation data within a test section complying to a specified maximum deviation, dmax, from themean of all elevation data points within a test section.ECL = the percentage compliance of e
24、ach survey line to a specified maximum deviation, dmax, from the mean of allelevation data points within a test section.hi = elevation of the points along the survey line, in.hai = elevation of the points along the survey line of the left wheel path of defined wheel path traffic, in.hbi = elevation
25、of the points along the survey line of the right wheel path of defined wheel path traffic, in.i = designation of the location of survey points along a survey line (i = 1, 2, 3 . . . imaxL).imaxL = total number of survey points along a survey line.imaxLx = total number of survey points along one of t
26、he pair of survey lines, Lx, representing the wheel paths of definedwheel path traffic.j = designation of the location of the survey point which is the initial point for a deviation calculation (j = 1, 2, 3 . . .jmaxk).jmaxk = total number of deviation calculations with a chord length 2ks along a su
27、rvey line.k = number of spaces of length s between the survey points used for deviation calculations.kmaxL = maximum number (rounded down to an integer) of spaces of length s that can be used for deviation calculationsfor imaxL survey points (kmaxL = 5 unless otherwise specified).L = designation of
28、survey lines (L = 1, 2, 3 . . . Lmax).LADk = length-adjusted RMS deviation based on points spaced at ks and a reference length of Lr.FIG. 1 Explanation of SymbolsE1486 142Lg = total number of survey spaces between primary axles of a vehicle used as the basis for longitudinal analysis of eachpair of
29、survey lines representing the wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic. Lg equals the integer result of theprimary axle spacing, ft, divided by s.Lmax = the number of survey lines on the test surface.Lr = a reference length of 120 in., the length to which the RMS deviations, RMS Dk, from chord leng
30、ths other than 120in. are adjusted.LDi = longitudinal elevation difference between corresponding pairs of points separated by Lg of defined wheel paths,mm (i = 1, 2, 3 . . . (imaxL Lg).LDCi = incremental change in longitudinal elevation difference, LDi, along defined wheel path traffic wheel paths,
31、in./ft(i = 1, 2, 3 . . . (imaxL Lg 1).Lx = designation of the pair of survey lines used for defined wheel path traffic analysis.mhd = mean elevation of each 15-ft section of survey line, L, mm (d = 1, 2, 3 . . . (imaxL 15/s).msd = mean slope of the least squares fit line of each 15-ft section of sur
32、vey line, L, in./ft (d = 1, 2, 3 . . . (imaxL 15/s).nL = total number of calculated deviations for survey line L (equal to the sum of the values of jmaxk for all values ofk that are used). The symbol nL is a weighting factor used in calculating both the waviness and surface wavinessindices.RMS Dk =
33、root mean square of chord midpoint offset deviations, Dkj, based on points spaced at ks.RMS LDLx = root mean square of longitudinal elevation differences, LDi, on paired wheel path survey lines for defined wheelpath traffic, with primary axles separated by Lg, in.RMS TDLx = root mean square of trans
34、verse elevation differences, TDi, on paired wheel path survey lines for defined wheel pathtraffic, in.RMS LVL = RMS levelness, calculated as the root mean square slope of each survey line, L, in./ft.s = spacing between adjacent survey points along a survey line (1 ft unless a smaller value is stated
35、), ft.SWI = surface waviness index determined by combining the waviness indices of all the survey lines on the test surface,in.TDi = transverse elevation difference between corresponding points of defined wheel path traffic wheel paths, in.(i = 1,2, 3 . . . imaxLx).TDCi = incremental change in trans
36、verse elevation difference, TDi along defined wheel path traffic wheel paths, in./ft(i = 1, 2, 3 . . . (imaxLx 1).WIL = waviness index for survey line L with chord length range from 2.0 to 10 ft unless a different range is stated, in.3.2 Sign ConventionUp is the positive direction; consequently, the
37、 higher the survey point, the larger its hi value.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 EquationsEquations are provided to determine the following characteristics:4.1.1 Waviness Index Equations:4.1.1.1 RMS Dk = RMS = RMS deviation (see Eq 4).4.1.1.2 LADk = length-adjusted = length-adjusted deviation (see Eq
38、5).4.1.1.3 WIL = waviness = waviness index (see Eq 6 and 7).4.1.1.4 SWI = surface= surface waviness index (see Eq 8).4.1.1.5 |Dkj| = absolute = absolute value of the length adjusted deviation (see Eq 24).4.1.2 Defined Wheel Path Traffc Equations:4.1.2.1 TDi = transverse= transverse elevation differe
39、nce between the wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic (see Eq 9).4.1.2.2 TDCi = transverse= transverse change in elevation difference between wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic (see Eq10).4.1.2.3 RMS TDLx = RMS= RMS transverse elevation difference between wheel paths of defined wheel path
40、 traffic (see Eq 11).4.1.2.4 LDi = longitudinal= longitudinal elevation difference between front and rear axles on wheel paths of defined wheel pathtraffic (see Eq 12).4.1.2.5 LDCi = Longitudinal= Longitudinal change in elevation difference between front and rear axles on wheel paths ofdefined wheel
41、 path traffic (see Eq 13).4.1.2.6 RMS LDLx = RMS= RMS longitudinal elevation difference between axles on wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic(see Eq 14).4.1.3 Levelness Equations:4.1.3.1 mhL = mean= mean elevation of survey line, L, calculated for use only in calculating mhTS (see Eq 15).4.1.3.
42、2 mhTS = mean= mean elevation of a test section, calculated for use only in calculating dhL (see Eq 16).4.1.3.3 dhL = number= number of elevation data points of survey line, L, passing the specification, dmax, used for calculatingboth ECL and EC (see Eq 17 and 18).4.1.3.4 ECL = percentage= percentag
43、e of elevation data points on survey line, L, that comply with dmax (see Eq 19).E1486 1434.1.3.5 EC = percentage= percentage of elevation data points within a test section complying with dmax (see Eq 20).4.1.3.6 mhd = mean= mean elevation of each 15-ft section of survey line, L, calculated for use o
44、nly in calculating RMS LVL (seeEq 21).4.1.3.7 msd = mean= mean slope of the least squares fit line of each 15-ft section of survey line, L, calculated for use only incalculating RMS LVL (see Eq 22).4.1.3.8 RMS LVL = RMS= RMS of least squares fit 15-ft slopes (see Eq 23).4.2 Waviness IndexChord Lengt
45、h Range:4.2.1 Unless a different range is specified, the waviness index, WIL, shall be calculated for a 2-, 4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-ft chord lengthrange.4.2.2 The chord length, 2ks, is limited by the total number of survey points along a survey line. To ensure that the elevationof every survey point is i
46、ncluded in the deviation calculation that uses the largest value of k, the maximum value of k, called kmaxL,is determined by:kmaxL 5 imaxL /3rounded down to an integer! (1)4.2.3 Reduce the maximum chord length so that 2(kmaxL)s is approximately equal to the maximum length that is of concernto the us
47、er.NOTE 3For longer survey lines, kmaxL, which is determined using Eq 1, permits the use of chord lengths, 2ks, longer than those of interest or concernto the floor user.4.2.4 The maximum chord length for suspended floor slabs shall be 4 ft, unless the slab has been placed without camber andthe shor
48、ing remains in place.4.3 Waviness IndexMaximum Number of Deviation Measurements per Chord Length:4.3.1 As the values of k are increased from 1 to kmaxL, the number of deviation calculations decreases.jmaxk 5 imaxL 2 2k (2)4.4 Waviness IndexDeviation:4.4.1 As shown in Fig. 1, the deviation, Dkj, isDk
49、j5h j1k 2 12hj1hj12k!in. (3)4.5 Waviness IndexRMS Deviation:4.5.1 RMS Dk is calculated for each chord length using all points along the survey line.RMSDk 5!(i51jmaxk Dkj2jmaxk in. (4)4.6 Waviness IndexLength-Adjusted Deviations: LADkis calculated for a reference length, Lr, using Eq 5.LADk 5!Lr2ksF (i51jmax kDkj2Gjmaxk in. (5)4.7 Waviness IndexThe values of LADk obtained for each value of k shall be combined with other LAD values for each lineL by weighing the values in proportion to jmaxk to obtain the waviness index, WIL.WIL 5!(k51kmaxL
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