ASTM E1537-2007 Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furniture《软垫家具着火测试的标准试验方法》.pdf

1、Designation: E 1537 07An American National StandardStandard Test Method forFire Testing of Upholstered Furniture1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1537; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o

2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine theburning behavior of up

3、holstered furniture used in publicoccupancies by measuring specific fire-test responses when thespecimen of furniture is subjected to a specified flamingignition source under well-ventilated conditions.1.3 Data are obtained describing the burning behavior froma specific ignition source until all bur

4、ning has ceased, a periodof 1 h has elapsed, or flashover appears inevitable.1.4 This test method does not provide information on thefire performance of upholstered furniture in fire conditionsother than those conditions specified. In particular, this testmethod does not apply to smoldering ignition

5、 by cigarettes.See X1.6 for further information.1.5 The rate of heat release of the burning specimen ismeasured by an oxygen consumption method. See X1.6.4 forfurther information.1.6 The production of light obscuring smoke is measuredand the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in thecombusti

6、on gases are determined. See X1.6.5 for furtherinformation.1.7 The burning behavior is visually documented by photo-graphic or video recordings, whenever possible.1.8 The system of units to be used in referee decisions is theSI system of units, see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 only. The unitsgiven in parentheses

7、 are for information only.1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products or asse

8、mblies underactual fire conditions.1.10 Fire testing of products and materials is inherentlyhazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and prop-erty shall be employed in conducting these tests. This testmethod may involve hazardous materials, operations, andequipment.1.11 This standard does no

9、t purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standard

10、s:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 800 Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Gener-ated During FiresE 1384 Practice for Content and Structure of the ElectronicHealth Record (EHR)IEE

11、E/ASTM SI-10 International System of Units (SI): TheModern Metric System2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 4880 Burning Behaviour of Textiles and TextileProductsVocabulary3ISO 9705 Fire TestsFull Scale Room Test for SurfaceProducts3ISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary32.3 UL Standard:UL 1056 Fire Test of Upholstered

12、Furniture42.4 CA Standard:CA Technical Bulletin 133 Flammability Test Procedure forSeating Furniture for Use in Public Occupancies52.5 BSI Standard:BS 5852: Part 2: Fire Tests for Furniture, Part 2. Methods ofTest for the Ignitability of Upholstered Composites forSeating by Flame Sources62.6 Nordtes

13、t Standard:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.15 on Furnishingsand Contents.Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 200

14、2 as E 1537 02a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards I

15、nstitute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.4Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Corporate Progress, 333Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062.5Available from State of California, Department of Consumer Affairs, 3485Orange Grove Avenue, North Highlands, CA 95660.6Available

16、from British Standards Institution, 2 Park St., LondonW1A2B5, UK.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Nordtest Method NT Fire 032 Upholstered Furniture: Burn-ing BehaviorFull Scale Test73. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1

17、For definitions of terms used in this test method andassociated with fire issues, refer to the terminology containedin Terminology E 176 and in ISO 13943. The definitions givenin Terminology E 176 shall prevail in case of conflict. Fordefinitions of terms used in this test method and associatedwith

18、textile issues, refer to Terminology D 123 and ISO 4880.The definitions given in Terminology D 123 shall prevail incase of conflict.3.1.2 For definitions of terms used in this test method andassociated with textile issues refer to the terminology containedin Terminology D 123.3.2 Definitions of Term

19、s Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 product, nthe upholstered furniture for which infor-mation is required.3.2.2 specimen, nmanufactured item of the product, rep-resentative prototype of the product, or mock-up of theproduct.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe mock-up shall be constructed asdescribed in Annex A1.3.

20、2.3 upholstered, adjcovered with material (as fabric orpadding) to provide a soft surface.3.2.4 upholstered seating furniture, na unit of interiorfurnishing that (1) contains any surface that is covered, inwhole or in part, with a fabric or other upholstery covermaterial, (2) contains upholstery mat

21、erial, and (3) is intendedor promoted for sitting upon.3.2.5 upholstery cover material, nthe outermost layer offabric or related materials used to enclose the main supportsystem, or upholstery materials, or both, used in the furnitureunit.3.2.6 upholstery material, nthe padding, stuffing, or fill-in

22、g material used in a furniture unit, which may be either looseor attached, enclosed by an upholstery cover material, orlocated between the upholstery cover material and supportsystem, if present.3.2.6.1 DiscussionThis includes, but is not limited to,material, such as foams, cotton batting, polyester

23、 fiberfill,bonded cellulose, or down.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method determines a number of fire-test-response characteristics from a full-scale specimen of uphol-stered furniture ignited with a propane gas burner. Measure-ments to be made include rate of heat and smoke release, totala

24、mount of heat and smoke released, rate and concentration ofcarbon oxides released, and rate and amount of mass ofspecimen lost. Other optional measurements are also described.4.2 Three options are provided, in all of which the uphol-stered furniture specimen to be tested is placed on a weighingplatf

25、orm and measurements of heat release, smoke release, andcombustion gas release are made in an exhaust duct.4.3 In Options A and B the duct is located outside thedoorway of a test room. In Option C the duct is located directlyover the specimen.4.4 Additional (optional) instrumentation placed in the t

26、estroom is also described.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a varietyof fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning aspecimen of upholstered furniture. The upholstered furniturespecimen is allowed to burn freely under well-ventilatedconditions afte

27、r ignition using a propane gas burner. The mostimportant fire-test-response characteristic measured is the rateof heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the firegenerated.5.2 The rate of heat release is measured by the principle ofoxygen consumption. The assumptions and limitations ofoxygen

28、 depletion calorimetry are discussed in Annex A4, andin particular in A4.1.2.5.3 Other fire-test-response characteristics are measured,namely smoke obscuration and combustion gas release, as theyare also important in making decisions on fire safety.5.4 The most important gaseous components of smoke

29、arethe carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are indicators of thetoxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combus-tion. Measurement of concentrations of carbon oxides areuseful for two purposes: as part of fire hazard assessmentcalculations and to improve the accuracy of heat releas

30、emeasurements. Other toxic combustion gases, which are spe-cific to certain materials, are less crucial for determiningcombustion completeness and are optional measures, but firehazard assessment often requires their measurement.5.5 The type of ignition chosen (a flaming source) iscommon in both acc

31、idental and intentional fires in publicoccupancies. This test method is thus applicable to upholsteredfurniture in public occupancies. Such facilities include, but arenot limited to, jails, prisons, nursing care homes, health carefacilities, public auditoriums, hotels, and motels.5.6 It has been sho

32、wn that if the gas burner is used at a flowrate of 13 L/min for 80 s (equivalent to 19.3 kW), as is the casein California Technical Bulletin (CA TB) 133, it approximatesthe ignition propensity of five crumpled sheets of newspaperlocated on the seating cushion.5.7 This test method specifies both a pa

33、rticular flow rate ofpropane gas and a period of gas flow. If the ignition conditionsare changed, the results would then deviate from the modelselected for this test.5.8 This test method is not applicable to ignition of uphol-stered furniture by cigarettes.5.9 One of the following three test configu

34、rations is to beused in this test method:5.9.1 AA test room with the following dimensions: 3.66by 2.44 by 2.44 m high.5.9.2 BA test room with the following dimensions: 3.66by 3.05 by 2.44 m high.5.9.3 CAn open calorimeter (or furniture calorimeter).7Available from Nordtest, PO Box 22, SF-00341, Hels

35、ingfors, Finland.E15370725.10 Measurements in the three test configurations listed in5.9 have been shown to give similar results for heat release inthe duct, for heat release rates lower than 600 kW (see X1.4)(1).85.11 Measurements of temperatures, gas concentrations, andsmoke obscuration in the roo

36、m, which are optional in this testmethod, are dependent on room size.5.12 This test method has been designed to give details forthe means to build and operate equipment capable of runningtests as required by CA TB 133. This test method is, however,more general than that technical bulletin.6. Test Sp

37、ecimen6.1 The test specimen consists of a full-size manufactureditem of upholstered furniture, a representative prototype of theupholstered furniture, or a mock-up of the upholstered furni-ture, constructed in accordance with Annex A1.6.2 When a full-scale upholstered furniture mock-up isused, the m

38、ock-up shall in all possible respects reflect theconstruction of the actual furniture that it is intended torepresent.7. Room Layout and Instrumentation7.1 Test Room Layout (Test Configuration A)The testroom shall have dimensions of 2.44 m 6 25 mm by 3.66 m 625 mm by 2.44 m 6 25 mm high (8 by 12 by

39、8 ft high). Theroom shall have no openings other than a doorway opening0.76 m6 6.4 mm by 2.03 m 6 6.4 mm (30 by 80 in.), locatedas indicated in Fig. 1, and other small openings, as necessary tomake test measurements. Construct the test room of wooden ormetal studs, and line it with fire rated gypsum

40、 wallboard orcalcium silicate wallboard. Position a hood, as described inAnnexA2, outside of the room doorway, such that it collects allthe combustion gases. There shall be no obstructions to the airsupply to the test setup.NOTE 1Both Type X gypsum wallboard and calcium silicate wall-board with a th

41、ickness of at least 13 mm (0.5 in.) have been foundacceptable. If the thickness of the wallboard is larger, it will not affect theresults of this test.7.2 Test Room Layout (Test Configuration B)The testroom shall have dimensions of 3.05 m 6 25 mm by 3.66 m 625 mm by 2.44 m 6 25 mm high (10 by 12 by

42、8 ft high). Theroom shall have no openings other than a doorway opening0.97 m6 6.4 mm by 2.06 m 6 6.4 mm (38 by 81 in.), locatedas indicated in Fig. 2, and other small openings, as necessary,to make test measurements. Construct the test room of woodenor metal studs, and line it with fire-rated gypsu

43、m wallboard orcalcium silicate wallboard. Position a hood, as described inAnnexA2, outside of the room doorway, such that it collects allthe combustion gases. There shall be no obstructions to the airsupply to the test set-up. (See Note 1.)7.3 Open Calorimeter Layout (Test Configuration C)Thearea su

44、rrounding the test specimen shall be sufficiently largethat there are no heat radiation effects from the walls or anyother nearby objects. The airflow to the test specimen shall besymmetrical from all sides.7.4 General Discussion of Room LayoutHeat releasemeasurements in the duct, made in Options A,

45、 B, and C havebeen shown to give similar results for heat release rates lowerthan 600 kW (see X1.4) (1).7.5 Other Test Room FurnishingsThe test room shallcontain no furnishings except for the item to be tested.7.6 Test Room Instrumentation (Optional):7.6.1 Location of optional test room instruments

46、is de-scribed in Figs. 1-4.7.6.2 Carry out optional room temperature measurementswith chromel-alumel Type K thermocouples, shielded againsthigh heat with insulation resisting up to 1200C. Use a wiregage in the range of 24 to 30AWG (0.51 to 0.36 mm) diameter,and mount the thermocouples in two test lo

47、cations:7.6.2.1 Over the geometric center of the igniter, 25 mm (1in.) below the ceiling (ceiling thermocouple), and7.6.2.2 At a distance of 0.91 m (3 ft) in front of the centerof the igniter, away from the furniture specimen, and 1.22 m (4ft) below the ceiling.7.6.3 Carry out optional optical densi

48、ty of smoke measure-ments with a smoke obscuration monitor, placed at a height of1.22 m (4 ft) above the floor level. A white light or laser8The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthe text.NOTE 1See text for tolerances; room instrumentation is optional.FIG. 1

49、Test Room Configuration for Option A for Items ofFurniture Less Than 1 m AcrossE1537073photometer system similar to that described for the duct is alsosuitable (see 8.2.4 or Annex A3).7.6.4 Carry out optional carbon monoxide concentrationmeasurements with a gas sampling line located 165 mm (6.5in.) below the ceiling and 165 mm (6.5 in.) from each wall ofthe corner where the specimen is placed.7.7 Location of Specimen:7.7.1 Test Configurations A or B:7.7.1.1 Position the furniture specimen on a weighing plat-form in a corner so that the furniture is at a distanc