ASTM E1537-2012 Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furniture 《软垫家具着火试验的标准试验方法》.pdf

1、Designation: E1537 12An American National StandardStandard Test Method forFire Testing of Upholstered Furniture1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1537; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of

2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine theburning behavior of uphol

3、stered furniture used in publicoccupancies by measuring specific fire-test responses when thespecimen of furniture is subjected to a specified flamingignition source under well-ventilated conditions.1.3 Data are obtained describing the burning behavior froma specific ignition source until all burnin

4、g has ceased, a periodof 1 h has elapsed, or flashover appears inevitable.1.4 This test method does not provide information on thefire performance of upholstered furniture in fire conditionsother than those conditions specified. In particular, this testmethod does not apply to smoldering ignition by

5、 cigarettes.See X1.6 for further information.1.5 The rate of heat release of the burning specimen ismeasured by an oxygen consumption method. See X1.6.4 forfurther information.1.6 The production of light obscuring smoke is measuredand the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in thecombustion

6、gases are determined. See X1.6.5 for furtherinformation.1.7 The burning behavior is visually documented by photo-graphic or video recordings, whenever possible.1.8 The system of units to be used in referee decisions is theSI system of units, see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 only. The unitsgiven in parentheses ar

7、e for information only.1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products or assembl

8、ies underactual fire conditions.1.10 Fire testing of products and materials is inherentlyhazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and prop-erty shall be employed in conducting these tests. This testmethod may involve hazardous materials, operations, andequipment.1.11 This standard does not p

9、urport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2

10、D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE800 Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Gener-ated During FiresE1384 Practice for Content and Structure of the Ele

11、ctronicHealth Record (EHR)E2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-rimetry Fire TestsE2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and CeilingMaterials and AssembliesIEEE/ASTM SI-10 International System of Units (SI): TheModern Metric System2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 4880 Burning Behaviour o

12、f Textiles and TextileProductsVocabularyISO 9705 Fire TestsFull Scale Room Test for SurfaceProductsISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary2.3 UL Standard:4UL 1056 Fire Test of Upholstered Furniture2.4 CA Standard:5CA Technical Bulletin 133 FlammabilityTest Procedure forSeating Furniture for Use in Public Oc

13、cupancies1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.15 on Furnishingsand Contents.Current edition approved April 1, 2012. Published April 2012. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2

14、07 as E1537 07. DOI:10.1520/E1537-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American

15、 National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 333 Pfingsten Rd., North-brook, IL 60062-2096, http:/.5Available from Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishingsand Thermal Insulati

16、on, State of California, Dept. of Consumer Affairs, 3485Orange Grove Ave., North Highlands, CA 95660-5595, www.bhfti.ca.gov.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.5 BSI Standard:6BS 5852 Fire Tests for Furniture. Methods o

17、f Test for theIgnitability of Upholstered Composites for Seating byFlame Sources2.6 Nordtest Standard:7Nordtest Method NT Fire 032 Upholstered Furniture: Burn-ing BehaviorFull Scale Test2.7 NFPA Standards:8NFPA 265 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for EvaluatingRoom Fire Growth Contribution of Textile

18、 Coverings onFull Height Panels and WallsNFPA 286 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for EvaluatingContribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to RoomFire Growth3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method andassociated with fire issues, refer to the termino

19、logy containedin Terminology E176 and in ISO 13943. The definitions givenin Terminology E176 shall prevail in case of conflict. Fordefinitions of terms used in this test method and associatedwith textile issues, refer to Terminology D123 and ISO 4880.The definitions given in Terminology D123 shall p

20、revail incase of conflict.3.1.2 For definitions of terms used in this test method andassociated with textile issues refer to the terminology containedin Terminology D123.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 product, nthe upholstered furniture for which infor-mation is required.3.

21、2.2 specimen, nmanufactured item of the product, rep-resentative prototype of the product, or mock-up of theproduct.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe mock-up shall be constructed asdescribed in Annex A1.3.2.3 upholstered, adjcovered with material (as fabric orpadding) to provide a soft surface.3.2.4 upholstered

22、 seating furniture, na unit of interiorfurnishing that (1) contains any surface that is covered, inwhole or in part, with a fabric or other upholstery covermaterial, (2) contains upholstery material, and (3) is intendedor promoted for sitting upon.3.2.5 upholstery cover material, nthe outermost laye

23、r offabric or related materials used to enclose the main supportsystem, or upholstery materials, or both, used in the furnitureunit.3.2.6 upholstery material, nthe padding, stuffing, or fill-ing material used in a furniture unit, which may be either looseor attached, enclosed by an upholstery cover

24、material, orlocated between the upholstery cover material and supportsystem, if present.3.2.6.1 DiscussionThis includes, but is not limited to,material, such as foams, cotton batting, polyester fiberfill,bonded cellulose, or down.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method determines a number of f

25、ire-test-response characteristics from a full-scale specimen of uphol-stered furniture ignited with a propane gas burner. Measure-ments to be made include rate of heat and smoke release, totalamount of heat and smoke released, rate and concentration ofcarbon oxides released, and rate and amount of m

26、ass ofspecimen lost. Other optional measurements are also described.4.2 Three options are provided, in all of which the uphol-stered furniture specimen to be tested is placed on a weighingplatform and measurements of heat release, smoke release, andcombustion gas release are made in an exhaust duct.

27、4.3 In Options A and B the duct is located outside thedoorway of a test room. In Option C the duct is located directlyover the specimen.4.4 Additional (optional) instrumentation placed in the testroom is also described.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety

28、of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning aspecimen of upholstered furniture. The upholstered furniturespecimen is allowed to burn freely under well-ventilatedconditions after ignition using a propane gas burner. The mostimportant fire-test-response characteristic measured is the

29、rateof heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the firegenerated.5.2 The rate of heat release is measured by the principle ofoxygen consumption. The assumptions and limitations ofoxygen depletion calorimetry are discussed in Annex A4, andin particular in A4.1.2.5.3 Other fire-test-response c

30、haracteristics are measured,namely smoke obscuration and combustion gas release, as theyare also important in making decisions on fire safety.5.4 The most important gaseous components of smoke arethe carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are indicators of thetoxicity of the atmosphere and of the

31、 completeness of combus-tion. Measurement of concentrations of carbon oxides areuseful for two purposes: as part of fire hazard assessmentcalculations and to improve the accuracy of heat releasemeasurements. Other toxic combustion gases, which are spe-cific to certain materials, are less crucial for

32、 determiningcombustion completeness and are optional measures, but firehazard assessment often requires their measurement.5.5 The type of ignition chosen (a flaming source) iscommon in both accidental and intentional fires in publicoccupancies. This test method is thus applicable to upholsteredfurni

33、ture in public occupancies. Such facilities include, but arenot limited to, jails, prisons, nursing care homes, health carefacilities, public auditoriums, hotels, and motels.5.6 It has been shown that if the gas burner is used at a flowrate of 13 L/min for 80 s (equivalent to 19.3 kW), as is the cas

34、ein California Technical Bulletin (CA TB) 133, it approximatesthe ignition propensity of five crumpled sheets of newspaperlocated on the seating cushion.6Available from British Standards Institution (BSI), 389 Chiswick High Rd.,London W4 4AL, U.K., http:/7Available from Nordtest, PO Box 22, SF-00341

35、, Helsingfors, Finland.8Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.E1537 1225.7 This test method specifies both a particular flow rate ofpropane gas and a period of gas flow. If the ignition conditionsare changed, the res

36、ults would then deviate from the modelselected for this test.5.8 This test method is not applicable to ignition of uphol-stered furniture by cigarettes.5.9 One of the following three test configurations is to beused in this test method:5.9.1 AA test room with the following dimensions: 3.66by 2.44 by

37、 2.44 m high.5.9.2 BA test room with the following dimensions: 3.66by 3.05 by 2.44 m high.5.9.3 CAn open calorimeter (or furniture calorimeter).5.10 Measurements in the three test configurations listed in5.9 have been shown to give similar results for heat release inthe duct, for heat release rates

38、lower than 600 kW (see X1.4)(1).95.11 Measurements of temperatures, gas concentrations, andsmoke obscuration in the room, which are optional in this testmethod, are dependent on room size.5.12 This test method has been designed to give details forthe means to build and operate equipment capable of r

39、unningtests as required by CA TB 133. This test method is, however,more general than that technical bulletin.6. Test Specimen6.1 The test specimen consists of a full-size manufactureditem of upholstered furniture, a representative prototype of theupholstered furniture, or a mock-up of the upholstere

40、d furni-ture, constructed in accordance with Annex A1.6.2 When a full-scale upholstered furniture mock-up isused, the mock-up shall in all possible respects reflect theconstruction of the actual furniture that it is intended torepresent.7. Room Layout and Instrumentation7.1 Test Room Layout (Test Co

41、nfiguration A)The testroom shall have dimensions of 2.44 m 6 25 mm by 3.66 m 625 mm by 2.44 m 6 25 mm high (8 by 12 by 8 ft high). Theroom shall have no openings other than a doorway opening0.76 m6 6.4 mm by 2.03 m 6 6.4 mm (30 by 80 in.), locatedas indicated in Fig. 1, and other small openings, as

42、necessary tomake test measurements. Construct the test room of wooden ormetal studs, and line it with fire rated gypsum wallboard orcalcium silicate wallboard. Position a hood, as described inAnnexA2, outside of the room doorway, such that it collects allthe combustion gases. There shall be no obstr

43、uctions to the airsupply to the test setup.NOTE 1Both Type X gypsum wallboard and calcium silicate wall-board with a thickness of at least 13 mm (0.5 in.) have been foundacceptable. If the thickness of the wallboard is larger, it will not affect theresults of this test.7.2 Test Room Layout (Test Con

44、figuration B)The testroom shall have dimensions of 3.05 m 6 25 mm by 3.66 m 625 mm by 2.44 m 6 25 mm high (10 by 12 by 8 ft high). Theroom shall have no openings other than a doorway opening0.97 m6 6.4 mm by 2.06 m 6 6.4 mm (38 by 81 in.), locatedas indicated in Fig. 2, and other small openings, as

45、necessary,to make test measurements. Construct the test room of woodenor metal studs, and line it with fire-rated gypsum wallboard orcalcium silicate wallboard. Position a hood, as described inAnnexA2, outside of the room doorway, such that it collects allthe combustion gases. There shall be no obst

46、ructions to the airsupply to the test set-up. (See Note 1.)7.3 Open Calorimeter Layout (Test Configuration C)Thearea surrounding the test specimen shall be sufficiently largethat there are no heat radiation effects from the walls or anyother nearby objects. The airflow to the test specimen shall bes

47、ymmetrical from all sides.7.4 General Discussion of Room LayoutHeat releasemeasurements in the duct, made in Options A, B, and C havebeen shown to give similar results for heat release rates lowerthan 600 kW (see X1.4) (1).7.5 Other Test Room FurnishingsThe test room shallcontain no furnishings exce

48、pt for the item to be tested.7.6 Test Room Instrumentation (Optional):7.6.1 Location of optional test room instruments is de-scribed in Figs. 1-4.9The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthe text.NOTE 1See text for tolerances; room instrumentation is optional.F

49、IG. 1 Test Room Configuration for Option A for Items ofFurniture Less Than 1 m AcrossE1537 1237.6.2 Carry out optional room temperature measurementswith chromel-alumel Type K thermocouples, shielded againsthigh heat with insulation resisting up to 1200C. Use a wiregage in the range of 24 to 30AWG (0.51 to 0.36 mm) diameter,and mount the thermocouples in two test locations:7.6.2.1 Over the geometric center of the igniter, 25 mm (1in.) below the ceiling (ceiling thermocouple), and7.6.2.2 At a distance of 0.91 m (3 ft) in front of