1、Designation: E 1546 07An American National StandardStandard Guide forDevelopment of Fire-Hazard-Assessment Standards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1546; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the development of fire-hazard-assessment standards.1.2 This guide is directed toward develop
3、ment of standardsthat will provide procedures for assessing fire hazards harmfulto people, animals, or property.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate saf
4、ety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitativemeasures.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments2.2 Other ASTM Doc
5、ument:Form and Style for ASTM Standards32.3 National Fire Protection Association:NFPA 901 Uniform Coding for Fire Protection42.4 ISO Standards:ISO 13943 Fire Safety Vocabulary3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSee Terminology E 176 and ISO 13943.Incase of conflict the definitions in Terminology E 176 shal
6、lprevail. Terms used for developing this standard are shown inAppendix X1. When revisions are finalized in TerminologyE 176, the revised terms will be included in this guide.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking thedevelopment of fire-hazard-assessment standa
7、rds. Such stan-dards are expected to be useful to manufacturers, architects,specification writers, and authorities having jurisdiction.4.2 As a guide, this document provides information on anapproach to the development of a fire hazard standard; fixedprocedures are not established. Limitations of da
8、ta, availabletests and models, and scientific knowledge may constitutesignificant constraints on the fire-hazard-assessment procedure.4.3 While the focus of this guide is on developingfirehazard-assessment standards for products, the general con-cepts presented also may apply to processes, activitie
9、s, occu-pancies, and buildings.5. Key Elements5.1 This guide uses as its key elements the following:5.1.1 The purpose of a fire-hazard-assessment standard is toprovide a standardized procedure for assembling a compilationof information relevant to the fire hazard of a product underspecific condition
10、s of use.5.1.2 The information assembled should be relevant to thepurpose of assessing the fire hazard of the specific designatedproduct within the range of designated fire scenarios.5.1.3 The information assembled should be explicit andquantitative and should provide a sufficiently thorough exami-n
11、ation of the products fire hazard under the conditions definedby the scope of the specific standard, so as to permit validchoices and decisions with respect to the fire hazard of thatproduct.5.1.4 A persuasive scientific case must be made in thedocumentation of a specific fire-hazard-assessment stan
12、dardthat the procedures, data, and hazard measures specified by thestandard will address questions about a products fire hazardwith sufficient accuracy and validity that a more thoroughassessment procedure would not materially alter any decisionsthat might be made based on the standard. If such a ca
13、se cannotbe made for all products to be addressed, then the hazard1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standardsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.33 on Fire Safety Engineering.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapp
14、roved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E 154600e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM w
15、ebsite.3Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.4Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
16、 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.assessment should specify those conditions under which amore thorough fire-hazard-assessment procedure should beused.5.1.5 The absence of a data source, test method, or calcu-lation procedure of sufficient scope and proven validity tosupport the needs
17、 of a particular fire-hazard-assessment proce-dure may not be a sufficient reason to use a data source, testmethod, or calculation procedure of lesser scope or unprovenvalidity. It is recognized that fire-hazard assessments of suchproducts may need to be performed in any event, using relevantnonstan
18、dardized procedures. When such nonstandardized orinvalidated procedures are used, the details shall be included tosuch an extent that the procedures become standardized for usewithin the specified hazard assessment method through finalpublication of the hazard-assessment document.5.1.6 Among the sig
19、nificant outcomes of a fire-hazardassessment would be the revelation that a product produceseither an increase, no increase, or a decrease in fire hazard onsome or all hazard measures and for all or part of the scenariosspecified by the standard, relative to another product or relativeto baseline ha
20、zard values for those measures and scenarios.These baseline values may or may not be derived fromfire-hazard assessments of products already in use. However,when the product is proposed for an existing use, it should becompared to an existing product having the same use. Forexample, if a products ha
21、zard is uniformly rated greater thanthe reference values on all comparisons specified by thestandard, then the overall fire-hazard assessment of the productwill be greater than the fire hazard of the baseline (or productin use).5.1.7 If the assessment shows that the product is notuniformly rated hig
22、her than, equivalent to, or less than theother product(s) or the baseline for all hazard measures and allscenarios specified by the standard, then decision rules may beneeded. Such rules would determine the overall hazard, eitheras a function of an individual scenario or on the composite,giving appr
23、opriate weighting to each scenario and hazardmeasure. Note that the scenario may affect not only the valueof individual hazard measures but also the weighting given toeach of those measures in determining the overall hazard.6. Relationship Between Fire Hazard and Fire Risk6.1 It is important to diff
24、erentiate between the terms fire-hazard standard and fire-risk standard. The relationship isdiscussed further in Appendix X2.7. Fire-Hazard-Assessment Standards7.1 Fire-hazard-assessment standards shall conform in styleand content to the ASTM Form and Style Manual.7.2 Fire-hazard-assessment standard
25、s shall include sectionslabeled: Scope, Significance and Use, Terminology, and De-tailed Procedure; the sections should be numbered and ar-ranged in that order.7.2.1 Scopethe Scope statement should clearly state:7.2.1.1 The product or class of products of interest,7.2.1.2 The fire scenario(s) includ
26、ed in the standard,7.2.1.3 The assumptions used in the standard,7.2.1.4 The structure of the fire-hazard-assessment proce-dure, including test methods, models, other calculation proce-dures, data sources, hazard measures, and evaluation criteria orprocedures used, and7.2.1.5 Any limitations on the a
27、pplication of the standard,such as the manner, form, or orientation in which the productis incorporated within an assembly, geometric restrictionsessential to use of the product, the quantity of product in use,the end use of the product, and the type of occupancy to whichthe standard is applicable.7
28、.2.2 Significance and Use:7.2.2.1 The major uses and any limitations of the standardfire-hazard-assessment procedure should be clearly described.7.2.2.2 The significance of the assessment to users shouldbe clearly stated.7.2.3 TerminologyTerms unique to the fire-hazard-assessment standard should be
29、clearly defined. Standard termsas defined in Terminology E 176 shall be used. Terms stillunder development for Terminology E 176 are contained inAppendix X1 of this guide.7.2.4 Detailed Procedure:7.2.4.1 This section should include detailed descriptions ofthe fire-hazard-assessment procedure and its
30、 component parts,including: test methods, calculation procedures, scenario de-scription, data sources, and evaluation criteria or procedures.7.2.4.2 If the calculation procedures include models, theversions used should be carefully identified and referenced andmajor assumptions and limitations of th
31、e models noted. Vali-dation information, or lack thereof, should also be noted.7.2.4.3 If calculation procedures are used, sample calcula-tions should be included.7.2.4.4 Standard test methods should be carefully identifiedand referenced. If a test method not yet adopted as a nationalstandard is use
32、d, its descriptions should provide all the infor-mation that would be included if it were being submittedseparately for consideration as a standard test method. Data onreproducibility and validation of nonstandardized methodsshould be included. If a standard test method has been modifiedfor the stan
33、dard, all details of the modification and evidence ofthe effects of the modification on results should be included.These guidelines also apply to any large-scale test protocols.7.2.4.5 If sources for data on fire experience or expertjudgment are cited, the procedures for assembling the data andthe a
34、ccuracy, precision, and reliability of the data should bedocumented. The data should be accessible to personnelconducting or reviewing the fire-hazard assessment.8. Fire-Hazard-Assessment Procedures8.1 Overview of Elements of Fire HazardHarm to peopleor animals may result from toxic (narcotic or irr
35、itant) sub-stances produced by a fire, thermal insults (heat stress andburns) due to convected and radiant flux, obscuration of visionby smoke (which may interfere with the ability to escape),oxygen depletion, or structural damage. Harm to property mayresult directly from heat, corrosive smoke, soot
36、 or firefighting,or indirectly as a consequence of business interruption or otheradverse effects on the ability of the property to be used for itsdesigned purposes. The fire hazard of a product depends on itsproperties, how it is used, and the environment in which it isE1546072used, including the nu
37、mber and type of people involved and thevalue and fragility of property to be exposed to a fire involvingit. Therefore, a fire-hazard-assessment procedure for a particu-lar product must describe the product, how it is used, and itsenvironment.8.2 Development of a Fire-Hazard-Assessment StandardThe s
38、even basic steps to follow in developing a fire-hazard-assessment standard are the following:8.2.1 Define the scope (for example, the product(s) orproduct class of interest, where and how the products are used),8.2.2 Identify the measure of harm to be assessed (forexample, deaths, injuries, business
39、 loss, property loss),8.2.3 Identify and describe the scenarios of concern (forexample, product properties, geometry, ventilation and othercharacteristics of scene, heat source considerations, occupantdetails),8.2.4 Identify the test methods or calculation proceduresneeded to produce the measures of
40、 fire hazard,8.2.5 Use the scenarios to define key parameters of the testmethods or calculation procedures,8.2.6 Identify the types and sources of data required tosupport the selected test methods and calculation procedures,and8.2.7 Identify the criteria or procedures for evaluating thefire hazard m
41、easures relative to the degree of harm.8.3 Defining the Scope and ContextThe first step involvesdefining the products or class of products to which thefire-hazard-assessment standard is to apply (that is, scope) andexamining the points of variability and commonality in theproduct or class and its us
42、es that may be used to define theparameters of the fire-hazard-assessment procedure. This maybe accomplished by answering the following questions:8.3.1 Product or ClassWhat is the product or productclass to be covered? Is the definition clear enough that one canalways determine whether a product is
43、covered by the stan-dard? Is the definition broad enough that all products capableof substituting for covered products are also included? Is thedefinition sufficiently specific that it does not invite invalidcomparisons, such as comparisons of products that have verydissimilar uses and do not satisf
44、y all the assumptions of thestandard?8.3.2 Product Involvement in FireWhen and how does theproduct tend to become involved in fire? Is there a particularrole in fire that tends to be the only point of concern for thisproduct class in a specific use (for example, initial heat source,initial fuel sour
45、ce, principal or largest fuel source, high severityper unit of product, major avenue of fire spread, major part ofvalue at risk)? Based on this information, is there a subset ofthe following fire-test-response and other characteristics thatcan validly be isolated as the only ones providing significa
46、ntvariation in fire hazard for this product class? Consider thefollowing:8.3.2.1 Ignitability,8.3.2.2 Flame-spread rate,8.3.2.3 Heat releasepeak rate, rate of rise in rate (firegrowth rate), total heat released,8.3.2.4 Mass loss or smoke-generation rate,8.3.2.5 Opacity of smoke produced,8.3.2.6 Corr
47、osivity of smoke produced,8.3.2.7 Profile of toxic (irritant and asphyxiant) speciesproducedrate, total, toxic potency,8.3.2.8 Thermal-decomposition rates,8.3.2.9 Endurance under fire conditionsstructural integ-rity, thermal conductivity, mechanical response (for example,melting, collapsing),8.3.2.1
48、0 Ease of extinguishment, and8.3.2.11 Quantity of product in use relative to size and typeof occupancy.8.3.3 Environment:8.3.3.1 What are the general and specific environments inwhich the product will be used? The NFPA 901 standarddescribes general property use as: “The general (overall) use ofland
49、or space under the same management, ownership, orwithin the same legal boundaries; including any structures,vehicles, or other appurtenances thereon.” Specific propertyuse is described as: “The use to which a specific space,structure or portion of a structure is put by the owner, tenant oroccupant of the space.” The major divisions of the NFPA 901Specific-Property-Use classification are the following:(1) Assembly Property;(2) Educational Property;(3) Health Care, Detention, and Correctional Property;(4) Residential Property;(5) Mercantile and Business Property;(6) Basi
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