1、Designation: E1551 08 (Reapproved 2015)E1551 16Standard Specification forSpecial Purpose, SmoothTread Tire, Operated on FixedBraking Slip Continuous Friction Measuring EquipmentaSize 4.00-8 Smooth Tread Friction Test Tire1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1551; the number immediat
2、ely following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This spe
3、cification covers the general requirements for a special purpose, smooth-tread standard tire for measuringtire-pavement friction forces.The tire is utilized on fixed braking slip continuous friction measuring equipment such as the RunwayFriction Tester, Surface Friction Tester, or BV-11 Skiddometer
4、Trailer.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D297 Test Methods for Rubber Pro
5、ductsChemical AnalysisD412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic ElastomersTensionD1054 Test Method for Rubber PropertyResilience Using a Goodyear-Healey Rebound Pendulum (Withdrawn 2010)3D1765 Classification System for Carbon Blacks Used in Rubber ProductsD2240 Test Method for Rubber
6、 PropertyDurometer HardnessD3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equipment, and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing StandardVulcanized Sheets2.2 Other Documents:BV-11 Skiddometer TrailerInstruction and Servicing ManualDOT/FAA/AS-90-1 Reliability and Performance of Friction Measuring
7、 Tires and Friction Equipment Correlation4Advisory Circular 150/5320-12 “Measurement, Construction and Maintenance of Skid ResistantAirport Pavement Surfaces”5TatraIntertech Friction Tester Instruction and Servicing Manual63. Materials and Manufacture3.1 The individual standard tires shall conform t
8、o the design standards of Section 5. Dimensions, weights, and permissiblevariations are also given in Section 5 and in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.3.2 Tread compounding, fabric processing, and all steps in tire manufacturing shall be certified to ensure that the specificationsare met (see Section 7).3.3 The m
9、arkings on the tire as shown in Fig. 1 shall be molded on both sides of the tire.61 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle - Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.24 on Tireand Slider Characteristics.Current edition approved Sept
10、. 1, 2015Feb. 1, 2016. Published December 2015February 2016. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 20082015as E1551 08.E1551 08(2015). DOI: 10.1520/E1551-08R15.10.1520/E1551-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Servi
11、ce at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port
12、 Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161, http:/www.ntis.gov.5 Available from U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Ave., S.W., Washington, DC 20591.6 Specified tire is available from Specialty Tires of America, Inc., P.O. Box 749, 1600 Washington St., Indiana,
13、 PA 15701. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, pleaseprovide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1 whichyou may attend.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended on
14、ly to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current vers
15、ionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.4 Fig. 1 shows a view of the tread surface and a side view of the standard, special purpose, smooth tr
16、ead tire and Fig. 2 isa typical tire cross section with critical dimensions identified.Suggested Marking on TireASTM Test Tire E15514.00 8 NHS6 Ply RatingTube TypeManufacturers Name or TrademarkFIG. 1 Test TireFIG. 2 Tire Section, Including Inflated DimensionsE1551 1623.5 Tire should be mounted so t
17、hat it is rotated in the direction of the arrow on the side of the tire. See Fig. 1.4. Material Requirements4.1 The compounding requirements for the tread compound are given in Table 1.4.2 The fabric shall be nylon, 1260/2 Denier.NOTE 1Certain proprietary products have been specified since exact dup
18、lication of properties of the finished tire may not be achieved with othersimilar products. This inclusion does not in any way comprise a recommendation for these proprietary products nor against similar products of othermanufacturers, nor does it imply any superiority over any such similar products
19、.TABLE 1 Compounding of Tread RubberAMaterial PPHRSBR 1712B 89.38BR 1208C 35.00Zinc oxide 3.00Stearic acid 2.00Paraffin wax 2.00N339D 75.006PPDE 2.00High aromatic oil 22.12TBBSF 1.10DPGG 0.10Sulfur 1.80A See Practice D3182.B Styrene-butadiene rubber (23.5 % styrene) 37.5 parts of high-aromatic oil.C
20、 High cis-polybutadiene.D N339 Carbon Black, see Classification D1765.E Dimethyl butylphenyl phenylenediamine.F Butyl benzothiazole sulfenamide.G Diphenyl guanidine.E1551 1635. Construction, Dimensions, and Permissible Variations5.1 ConstructionThe tire shall be a size 4.00-8, tube type, four plies,
21、 Nylon cord, and bias construction.5.2 DimensionsTread width shall be 2.4 6 0.1 in. (61 6 2.5 mm), the tread radius shall be 10.0 6 1.5 in. (254 6 38 mm),the cross-sectional width shall be 4.1 6 0.15 in. (104 6 3.8 mm), and the outside diameter at the tread centerline shall be 16.46 0.2 in. (417 6 5
22、 mm) when measured on an 8 by 3.00D rim at 30 6 0.5 psi (207 6 2 kPa) inflation pressure. See Fig. 2 whichshows inflated dimensions of the new tire.5.3 TreadThe tread surface shall be smooth (blank) without any ribs or grooves. The tread shall have a thickness of 0.16 in.(4.1 mm) and an under skid t
23、hickness of 0.14 6 0.03 in. (3.56 6 0.76 mm).5.4 Wear IndicatorsThere will be four holes molded into the tire 0.16 in. (4.1 mm) deep and 0.125 in. (3.18 mm) diameter.These four wear indicators will alternate from one side of the tread centerline to the other and be spaced 90 apart.6. Workmanship6.1
24、Tires shall be free of defects in workmanship and material.7. Test Methods7.1 Tensile Sheet CurePractice D3182.7.2 Modulus (300 %)Test Methods D412.7.3 Tensile Sheet DurometerTest Method D2240, using a Type A Shore Durometer.7.4 Restored Energy (Rebound or Resilience)Test Method D1054.7.5 Specific G
25、ravityTest Methods D297.7.6 Tensile StrengthTest Methods D412.7.7 ElongationTest Methods D412.7.8 Tire Tread DurometerTest Method D2240, in addition to the following specific procedures:7.8.1 Use a Type A Durometer. A0.5-in. (12.7-mm) diameter presser foot, Shore, code XAHAF is recommended.7.8.2 The
26、 durometer shall be calibrated at a reading of 60 hardness.7.8.3 Condition the tire and durometer to equilibrium at 73.4 6 3.6F (23 6 2C) before determining tread hardness.7.8.4 The tire tread hardness is to be determined by averaging at least one set of six readings. A set should consist of reading
27、staken at equally spaced intervals across the tread. It is recommended that additional sets of readings be taken around the treadcircumference.7.8.5 Apply presser foot to the tire tread as rapidly as possible without shock, keeping the foot parallel to the tread surface.Apply just sufficient pressur
28、e to obtain firm contact between presser foot and tire tread surface. Read the durometer scale within1 s after presser foot is in contact with the tire tread, but after initial maximum transient which may occur immediately after contactis made.8. Physical Requirements8.1 The physical and mechanical
29、test requirements are given in Table 2.9. Certification9.1 When specified in the purchase order or contract, the purchaser shall be furnished certification that samples representingeach lot have been tested and inspected as directed in this specification, verifying that all requirements have been me
30、t. Whenspecified in the purchase order or contract, a report of the test results shall be furnished.9.2 The Annex to this specification contains the test procedures for determining the reliability, performance and consistency ofthe tires.10. Packaging and Preservation10.1 The tires should be stored
31、in a dry area, at a temperature not exceeding 90F (32.2C) and in subdued light. Tires mustnot be stored near electric motors, welders, or other ozone generating equipment. The tire is not to be used as a standard test tireafter more than one year storage by the consumer nor if it has been stored at
32、more than 85F (29.4C) for more than 60 days.TABLE 2 Physical Properties of Tread CompoundTensile Sheet Cure, min. at 302F (150C) 30300 % modulus, psi (Test Methods D412) 1000 200Specific gravity (Test Methods D297) 1.13 0.02Tensile strength, min psi (Test Methods D412) 2000Elongation, min % (Test Me
33、thods D412) 500Tire tread durometer (Test Method D2240) 58 2E1551 16411. Recommendations for Tire Use and Operational Requirements11.1 The tire is for measuring tire-pavement friction forces only and is not designed for general highway service.11.2 Anew tire break-in sufficient to only remove the gl
34、ossy tread surface is recommended before using the tire for testing. Thisbreak-in time will vary with pavement surface condition, speed, and test tire operating mode.11.3 The tire shall be operated on fixed slip devices such as the Runway Friction Tester, the Surface Friction Tester, and theBV-11 Sk
35、iddometer Trailer. The inflation pressure used in the friction tire shall be 3060.5 psi (20763 kPa) measured at ambienttemperature (cold).11.4 The recommended static test load on the friction tire shall be 200 6 2 lbf (890 6 9 N) with loading to a maximum of 3206 3 lbf (1423 6 14 N) permissible, at
36、30 6 0.5 psi (207 6 3 kPa) inflation pressure.11.5 When any irregular wear or damage results from testing or when the wear indicators are no longer visible, the use of thefriction tire as a standard test friction tire shall be discontinued.ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. TESTING THE E1551 TIRE FOR R
37、ELIABILITY, PERFORMANCE AND CONSISTENCYA1.1 ScopeA1.1.1 This specification describes the test procedures for establishing the reliability, performance, and consistency of the tirefrom batch to batch.A1.2 CertificationA1.2.1 The manufacturer of the tire will certify that testing has been completed on
38、 each batch of tires.A1.2.2 A certified testing company may be sub-contracted by the manufacturer to accomplish the testing and certificationaccording to these procedures.A1.2.3 Testing will be conducted on a properly calibrated, fixed braking slip, continuous friction measuring device (see 11.3).A1
39、.3 Tire SamplingA1.3.1 The number of tires randomly selected from each batch is determined from Table A1.1.A1.3.1.1 To ensure random selection of test tires, the tire manufacturer shall divide the batch into as many equal sublots as thenumber of test tires required by Table A1.1. One tire is then ra
40、ndomly selected from each sublot.A1.3.1.2 In addition to the current tires selected for comparative testing with the previous batch tires, the manufacturer shall alsoretain and properly store the required number of randomly selected tires from the current batch for future comparative testing withthe
41、 next batch of tires produced. (See Section 10). This will always double the random sample size requirement given in TableA1.1.A1.3.2 Each tire selected shall be properly labeled according to sequential batch number and marked accordingly to the order oftheir selection.A1.4 Test SurfacesA1.4.1 Four
42、test surfaces will be required as follows:E1551 165A1.4.1.1 Test Surface A: Mu8 values ranging from 0 to 16,A1.4.1.2 Test Surface B: Mu values ranging from 28 to 44,A1.4.1.3 Test Surface C: Mu values ranging from 56 to 72, andA1.4.1.4 Test Surface D: Mu values 84 and above.A1.4.2 The averaged Mu val
43、ue for each of the test surfaces identified above is based on a minimum of ten passes conducted at40 mph (65 km/h).A1.4.2.1 The average Mu value shall be as close to the middle of the respective ranges as possible and the continuous friction traceproduced by the friction device shall be consistently
44、 within a band width of 63 Mu numbers.A1.4.2.2 In addition, the averaged Mu value for each test surface shall not vary more than 63 Mu numbers from the averagedMu value obtained for that surface (A, B, C or D) for the previous batch of tires.A1.4.3 The physical length of each test surface shall not
45、be less than 250 ft (75 m) or greater than 500 ft (152 m).A1.4.4 The data acquisition shall be taken within the physical length of each test surface where the friction values are stabilizedand are representative of the test surface.A1.5 TestingA1.5.1 The manufacturer or testing facility shall select
46、 one tire from the current batch of provided samples and one tire from theprevious batch of provided samples. The tires will be properly identified.A1.5.2 Tests shall be conducted on originally dry pavement test surfaces using the friction devices self-watering system. Thewater depth shall be 0.04 i
47、n. (1 mm), applied in front of the friction measuring tire(s).A1.5.3 To minimize ambient temperature influences on friction values, test trials shall be conducted when the temperature iswithin 80 6 10F (27 6 6C).A1.5.4 Aminimum of six passes shall be conducted at each of two speeds, 40 and 60 mph (6
48、5 and 95 km/h), on each test surfacedescribed in A1.4, using the tires selected under A1.5.1.A1.5.5 The remaining randomly selected tire samples from each batch (Table A1.1) shall be tested once over each of the testsurfaces described in A1.4 at two speeds, 40 and 60 mph (65 and 95 km/h).A1.6 Analys
49、is of Test DataA1.6.1 When the test trials have been completed, statistical analyses shall be conducted to develop the Linear Regression Lineto establish the reliability, performance and consistency of the current tire batch with the previous tire batch. ParagraphA1.8 detailsthe parameters for conducting the statistical analysis.A1.6.2 The averaged Mu value for all tests conducted for each speed shall be within One Standard Error of Estimate or 63 Munumbers from the Linear Regression Line for each random tire sample of the previ
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