1、Designation: E 1554 07Standard Test Methods forDetermining Air Leakage of Air Distribution Systems by FanPressurization1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1554; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The test methods included in this standard are applicableto the air distribution systems in low-rise residen
3、tial andcommercial buildings.1.2 These test methods cover four techniques for measuringthe air leakage of air distribution systems. The techniques useair flow and pressure measurements to determine the leakagecharacteristics.1.3 The test methods for two of the techniques also specifythe auxiliary me
4、asurements needed to characterize the magni-tude of the distribution system air leakage during normaloperation.1.4 A test method for the total recirculating air flow inducedby the system blower is included so that the air distributionsystem leakage can be normalized as is often required forenergy ca
5、lculations.1.5 The proper use of these test methods requires knowl-edge of the principles of air flow and pressure measurements.1.6 Three of these test methods are intended to produce ameasure of the air leakage from the air distribution system tooutside. The other test method measures total air lea
6、kageincluding air leaks to inside conditioned space.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibili
7、ty of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE 779 Test
8、 Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate byFan PressurizationE 1258 Test Method for Airflow Calibration of Fan Pressur-ization Devices2.2 ASME Standard:3MFC-3M Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes Using Ori-fice Nozzle and Venturi3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsRefer to Terminology E 631 for definitionso
9、f other terms used in these test methods.3.1.1 building envelopethe boundary or barrier separatingthe interior volume of a building from the outside environment.Even when a garage is conditioned, for this standard it isconsidered to be outside the building envelope.3.1.2 blowerthe air moving device
10、for a forced air spaceconditioning and/or ventilation system.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 Four alternative measurement and analysis methods arespecified and labeled A through D, Test Methods A and B giveseparate values for supply and return leakage to outside. TestMethods C and D do not separate su
11、pply and return leakage.Test Methods A, B, and C determine leakage to outside, butTest Method D measures total leakage, including leakage toinside. Test Method A is based upon changes in flow throughdistribution system leaks to outside due to blower operation1These test methods are under the jurisdi
12、ction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.41on Air Leakage and Ventilation Performance.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published December 2007. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E 1554 03.2F
13、or referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
14、, ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.over a range of envelope pressure differences. The envelopepressure differences are genera
15、ted by a separate air moving fanand both pressurization and depressurization measurements areperformed. Test Methods B and C are based upon pressurizingthe distribution system at the same time as the building in orderto isolate the leaks that are outside the building envelope. ForTest Method B, meas
16、ured system operating pressures are thenused to estimate leakage under operating conditions. TestMethod C determines the leakage to outside at a uniformreference pressure of 25 Pa (0.1 in. water) instead of operatingpressure, and does not separate supply and return leaks. TestMethods B and C are sho
17、wn schematically in Fig. 1. UnlikeMethods A, B, and C, Method D does not attempt to measurethe leakage to outside under normal operating conditions, butmeasures the total system leakage at a uniform referencepressure of 25 Pa (0.1 in. water). The schematic in Fig. 3applies to Method D.4.2 These test
18、 methods also include specifications for theauxiliary measurements to interpret the air leakage measure-ments.5. Significance and Use5.1 Air leakage between an air distribution system andunconditioned spaces affects the energy losses from the distri-bution system, the ventilation rate of the buildin
19、g, and the entryrate of air pollutants.5.2 The determination of infiltration energy loads and ven-tilation rates of residences and small commercial buildings aretypically based on the assumption that the principal drivingforces for infiltration and ventilation are the wind and indoor/outdoor tempera
20、ture differences. This can be an inappropriateassumption for buildings that have distribution systems thatpass through unconditioned spaces, because the existence ofrelatively modest leakage from that system has a relativelyFIG. 1 Schematic of Method BDistribution System and Building Pressurization
21、Test (for Supply Leakage)E1554072large impact on overall ventilation rates. The air leakagecharacteristics of these exterior distribution systems are neededto determine their ventilation, energy, and pollutant-entryimplications.5.3 Air leakage through the exterior air distribution enve-lope may be t
22、reated in the same manner as air leakage in thebuilding envelope as long as the system is not operating (seeTest Method E 779). However, when the system blower is on,the pressures across the air distribution system leaks areusually significantly larger than those driving natural infiltra-tion. Depen
23、ding on the size of the leaks, these pressures caninduce much larger flows than natural infiltration. Thus, it isimportant to be able to isolate these leaks from buildingenvelope leaks. The leakage of air distribution systems must bemeasured in the field, because it has been shown that work-manship
24、and installation details are more important than designin determining the leakage of these systems.5.4 For codes, standards, and other compliance or qualitycontrol applications, the precision and repeatability at meetinga specified target (for example, air flow at reference pressure)is more importan
25、t than air leakage flows at operating condi-tions. Some existing codes, standards, and voluntary programsrequire the use of a simpler test method (Test Method D) thatdoes not separate supply from return leakage, leakage to insidefrom leakage to outside, or estimate leakage pressures atoperating cond
26、itions.5.5 Test Methods A, B, and C can be used for energy usecalculations and compliance and quality control applications.Test Method D is intended for use in compliance and qualitycontrol only.6. Apparatus6.1 The following description of apparatus is general innature. Any arrangement of equipment
27、using the same prin-ciples and capable of performing the test procedure within theallowable tolerances is permitted. The items are labeled foreach test method.6.2 Major Components:FIG. 2 Schematic of Method CDistribution System Pressurization TestE15540736.2.1 Air-Moving Equipment (A, B, and C)A fan
28、, blower,or blower door assembly that is capable of moving air into andout of the building at the flow rates required to create the fullrange of test pressure differences. The air moving equipmentshall be able to accomplish both pressurization and depressur-ization of the building and distribution s
29、ystem.6.2.2 Air Flow-Regulating System (A, B, and C)A devicesuch as a damper or variable speed motor control to regulateand maintain air flow through the air moving equipment (see6.2.1).6.2.3 Air Flow Measuring Device (A)Adevice to measureairflow with an accuracy of 65 % of the measured flowthrough
30、air moving equipment in 6.2.1. The air flow measuringsystem shall be calibrated in accordance with Test MethodE 1258 or ASME MFC-3M, whichever is applicable. Thetemperature dependence and range of the calibration shall beexplicitly reported.6.2.4 Distribution System Flow Measurement Device (B, C,and
31、 D)A device to measure airflow with an accuracy of65 % of the measured flow. The airflow measuring systemshall be calibrated in accordance with Test Method E 1258 orASME MFC-3M, whichever is applicable. The temperaturedependence and range of the calibration shall be explicitlyreported.6.2.5 Pressure
32、-Measuring Device (All methods)A deviceto measure pressure differences with an accuracy of 60.25 Pa(60.001 in. H2O) or 61 % of measured pressure, whichever isgreater.6.2.6 Distribution System Pressure Measuring Probe (B, C,and D)A probe to measure the static pressure within adistribution system unde
33、r flow conditions.6.2.7 Air Temperature Measuring Device (All methods)Togive an accuracy of 60.5C (0.9F).7. Hazards7.1 Glass should not break at the pressure differencesnormally applied to the building, however, protective eye wearshall be provided to personnel.7.2 When conducted in the field, safet
34、y equipment requiredfor general field work shall be supplied, such as safety shoes,hard hats, and so forth.7.3 Because air-moving equipment is involved in this test, aproper guard or cage to house the fan or blower and to preventaccidental access to any moving parts of the equipment shall beprovided
35、.7.4 Hearing protection shall be provided for personnel whowork close to noises such as those generated by moving air.7.5 When the blower or fan is operating, a large volume ofair is being forced into or out of the building, the air-distribution system, or both. Precautions shall be undertakensuch t
36、hat plants, pets, occupants, or internal furnishings shallnot be damaged due to the influx of cold or warm air. Similarprecautions shall be exercised with respect to sucking debris orexhaust gases from fireplaces and flues into the interior of thebuilding extinguishing pilot lights, flame rollout fo
37、r combus-tion appliances and drawing sewer gas into the building.8. Procedure8.1 GeneralThe basic procedure involves pressurizationand depressurization of air distribution systems and buildingswith concurrent flow and pressure measurements to determinethe air leakage of the distribution system.8.1.1
38、 Test Method A (Flow Difference) for Air LeakageDeterminationThis technique is based upon changing theflow through distribution system leaks by operating the blowerfan and simultaneously pressurizing (or depressurizing) theFIG. 3 Example of Air-Flow Difference and Envelope Pressure Plot for Test Met
39、hod A.1E1554074building envelope and distribution system. There are twoalternatives for gathering the required test data utilizing thesame analysis procedure. Test MethodA.1 records data at fixedenvelope pressure stations. Test Method A.2 records datacontinuously as the envelope air flows and pressu
40、re aregradually changed by the envelope air moving equipment. Theblower speed and heating or cooling function shall be the samefor all steps of the test procedure.8.1.2 Test Method B: Fan Pressurization of DistributionSystem and Building for Air Leakage DeterminationThistechnique is based upon seali
41、ng the registers of the distributionsystem and pressurizing the system to measure the flowthrough the leaks at the imposed pressure difference. With thebuilding pressurized to the same pressure, this test isolates theleaks that are to outside only. Measurements of system oper-ating pressures allow t
42、he leakage flow at the fixed test pressureto be converted to the leakage flow at operating pressures.Often air distribution systems are located outside the condi-tioned space of a building, but are not completely outside.Example locations include attics, crawlspaces, and garages.These locations are
43、defined as buffer zones.8.1.3 Test Method C: Fan Pressurization of DistributionSystem and Building for Air Leakage Determination at aDetermination at a Reference PressureThis technique isbased upon sealing the registers of the distribution system andpressurizing the system to measure the flow throug
44、h the leaksat a reference pressure difference of 25 Pa (0.1 in. water). Withthe building pressurized to the same pressure, this test isolatesthe leaks that are to outside only, but does not separate supplyand return leaks or convert results to operating pressures.8.1.4 Test Method D: Fan Pressurizat
45、ion of DistributionSystem for Total Air Leakage DeterminationThis techniqueis based upon sealing the registers of the distribution systemand pressurizing the system to measure the flow through theleaks at the imposed pressure difference. The result is a totaldistribution system leakage at a single r
46、eference pressuredifference of 25 Pa (0.1 in. water). This test does not separatesupply and return leaks, convert to operating pressures, orisolate leaks to outside from those to inside.8.2 Procedure for Test Method A: Air Flow Difference:Test Method A has four parts to the test:(1) Building pressur
47、ized, blower off.(2) Building pressurized, blower on.(3) Building depressurized, blower on.(4) Building depressurized, blower off.8.2.1 Environmental MeasurementsAt the beginning andthe end of each test, measure the outdoor temperature, indoortemperature, and barometric pressure.8.2.2 Building Prepa
48、ration:8.2.2.1 EnvelopeOpen all interconnecting doors in thebuilding. Fireplace and other operable dampers shall be closed.If the air handling unit is located in a closet, the closet doorshall be closed during testing. The condition of openings tooutside for spaces that contain ducts (for example, g
49、aragedoors or basement windows) shall be recorded.8.2.2.2 Distribution SystemHVAC-balancing dampersand registers, in general, shall not be adjusted. However, formultiple zoned systems, the position of zonal dampers shouldbe fixed for the duration of the test. Several tests may beperformed with zone dampers fixed at different settings, but atleast one of the tests shall have all zone control dampers in thefully open position.8.2.3 Air Flow Difference Measurements8.2.3.1 Connect the air moving/flow-regulating/flow mea-surement assembly to the building envelope u
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