1、Designation: E 1557 05Standard Classification forBuilding Elements and Related SiteworkUNIFORMAT II1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1557; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard establishes a classification of buildingelements and related sitework. Elements, as defined here, aremajor compone
3、nts common to most buildings. Elements usu-ally perform a given function, regardless of the design speci-fication, construction method, or materials used. The classifi-cation serves as a consistent reference for analysis, evaluation,and monitoring during the feasibility, planning, and designstages o
4、f buildings. Using UNIFORMAT II ensures consis-tency in the economic evaluation of buildings projects overtime and from project to project. It also enhances reporting atall stages in constructionfrom feasibility and planningthrough the preparation of working documents, construction,maintenance, reha
5、bilitation, and disposal.1.2 This classification applies to buildings and related sitework. It excludes specialized process equipment related to abuildings functional use but does include furnishings andequipment.1.3 The Classification incorporates three hierarchical levelsdescribed as Levels 1, 2,
6、and 3. Appendix X1 presents a moredetailed suggested Level 4 classification of sub-elements.1.4 UNIFORMAT II is an elemental format similar to theoriginal UNIFORMAT2elemental classification. UNIFOR-MAT II differs from the original UNIFORMAT, however, inthat it takes into consideration a broader rang
7、e of buildingtypes and has been updated to categorize building elements asthey are in current building practice.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E 833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE 917 Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildingsand Building SystemsE 964 Practice for Measuring
8、 Benefit-to-Cost and Savings-to-Investment Ratios for Buildings and Building SystemsE 1057 Practice for Measuring Internal Rate of Return andAdjusted Internal Rate of Return for Investments in Build-ings and Building SystemsE 1074 Practice for Measuring Net Benefits and Net Sav-ings for Investments
9、in Buildings and Building SystemsE 1121 Practice for Measuring Payback for Investments inBuildings and Building SystemsE 1185 Guide for Selecting Economic Methods for Evalu-ating Investments in Buildings and Building SystemsE 1369 Guide for Selecting Techniques for Treating Uncer-tainty and Risk in
10、the Economic Evaluation of Buildingsand Building SystemsE 1804 Practice for Performing and Reporting Cost Analy-sis during the Design Phase of a ProjectE 2083 Classification for Building Construction Field Re-quirements, Office Overhead, and Profit2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Discount Factor Tables, Adjunct to
11、 Practices E 917, E 964,E 1057, and E 10744Computer Program and Users Guide to Building Mainte-nance, Repair, and Replacement Database for Life-CycleCost Analysis, Adjunct to Practices E 917, E 964, E 1057,and E 112153. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this clas-sification,
12、 refer to Terminology E 833.4. Significance and Use4.1 This classification defines building elements as majorcomponents common to most buildings. The classification isthe common thread linking activities and participants in abuilding project from initial planning through operations,maintenance, and
13、disposal.4.2 The users of UNIFORMAT II include owners, develop-ers, facilities programmers, cost planners, estimators, schedul-ers, architects and engineers, specification writers, operatingand maintenance staff, manufacturers, and educators.1This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com
14、mittee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.81on Building Economics.Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 1557 02.2The original UNIFORMAT classification was deve
15、loped jointly by the GeneralServices Administration (GSA) and the American Institute of Architects (AIA).3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standar
16、ds Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJE091703.5Available from ASTM International. Order Adjunct No. ADJE091701 for the3.5 in. disk. Order Adjunct No. ADJE091702 for the 5.25 in. disk.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Ha
17、rbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.3 Use this classification when doing the following:64.3.1 Structuring costs on an elemental basis for economicevaluations (Practices E 917, E 964, E 1057, E 1074, E 1121,E 1804 and Computer Program and Users Guide to Building
18、Maintenance, Repair, and Replacement Database for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Adjunct) early in the design process. UsingUNIFORMAT II helps reduce the cost of early analysis andcontributes to substantial design and operational savings beforedecisions have been made that limit options for potentialsavin
19、gs.4.3.2 Estimating and controlling costs during planning,design, and construction. Use UNIFORMAT II to preparebudgets and to establish elemental cost plans before designbegins. The project manager uses these to control project cost,time, and quality, and to set design-to-cost targets. See Appen-dix
20、 X2 for an example of a UNIFORMAT II building elementaldesign cost estimate.4.3.3 Conducting value engineering workshops. Use UNI-FORMAT II as a checklist to ensure that alternatives for allelements of significant cost in the building project are analyzedin the creativity phase of the job plan. Also
21、, use the elementalcost data to expedite the development of cost models forbuilding systems.4.3.4 Developing initial project master schedules. Sinceprojects are built element by element, UNIFORMAT II is anappropriate basis for preparing construction schedules at thestart of the design process.4.3.5
22、Performing risk analyses. Simulation is one technique(Practice E 1369) for developing probability distributions ofbuilding costs when evaluating the economic risk in undertak-ing a building project. Use individual elements and groupelements in UNIFORMAT II for developing probability distri-butions o
23、f elemental costs. From these distributions, build upprobability distributions of total project costs to establishacceptable project contingencies or to serve as inputs to aneconomic analysis. (See Practice E 1185 for guidance as towhat economic method to use.)4.3.6 Structuring cost manuals and reco
24、rding construction,operating, and maintenance costs in a database. Having amanual or database in an elemental format helps you performeconomic analysis early in the design stage and at reasonablecost.4.3.7 Structuring preliminary project descriptions during theconceptual design phase. It facilitates
25、 the description of thescope of the project for the client in a clear, concise, and logicalsequence; it provides the basis for the preparation of moredetailed elemental estimates during the early concept andpreliminary design phases, and it enhances communicationsamong designers and other building p
26、rofessionals by providinga clear statement of the designers intent. See Appendix X3 fora sample preliminary project description (PPD) based onUNIFORMAT II.4.3.8 Coding and referencing standard details in computer-aided design systems. This allows an architect, for example, toreference an exterior wa
27、ll assembly according to UNIFOR-MAT II element designations and build up a database ofstandard details structured according to the classification.4.4 UNIFORMAT II, as described in this classification,includes sitework normally related to buildings but does notapply to major civil works. It is also u
28、nsuitable for processapplications or for preparing trade estimates.5. Basis of Classification5.1 What part of the built environment is included? Theframework in Fig. 1 shows how buildings and related siteworkfit in with the rest of the built environment. This classificationdescribes exclusively the
29、elements that make up the blocksshaded under the building block, that is, construction ofbuildings and related sitework. UNIFORMAT II does not treatother aspects of buildings or other features of the builtenvironment, which are indicated by the non-shaded blocks.NOTE 1The other features of the built
30、 environment in Fig. 1 are listedfor illustrative purposes and are not intended to be a comprehensive list ofother features.5.2 Criteria for the ClassificationThe selected classifica-tion, what items to include in it, and in which parts of theclassification to include them are based on the following
31、criteria:5.2.1 The classification will be applicable to any buildingtype, while at the same time allowing for details desirable forspecialized buildings. The classification of building elementswill be separate from the classification of building-relatedsitework. The classifications will be hierarchi
32、cal to allowdifferent levels of aggregation and summarization. And theywill relate to other elemental classifications7such as UNIFOR-MAT and the classification of the Canadian Institute ofQuantity Surveyors.86For a more comprehensive discussion of the uses of UNIFORMAT II, seeBowen, Charette, and Ma
33、rshall, UNIFORMAT IIA Recommended Classificationfor Building Elements and Related Sitework, National Institute of Standards andTechnology Special Publication 841, Gaithersburg, MD, 1992, and Charette andMarshall, UNIFORMAT II Elemental Classification for Building Specifications,Cost Estimating, and
34、Cost Analysis , National Institute of Standards and TechnologyNISTIR 6389, Gaithersburg, MD, 1999.7For more information on other elemental classifications, see Brian Bowen andRobert Charette, “Elemental Cost Classification Standard for Building Design,”1991 AACE Transactions, 1991.8Available from Ca
35、nadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors, P.O. Box 124, StationR, Toronto, ON, Canada M4G 3Z3.FIG. 1 Possible Framework of the Built EnvironmentE15570525.2.2 Items in the classification will have significant influ-ence on cost and a high frequency of occurrence. Categorieswill be defined so as to prov
36、ide a framework for cost control.The decision as to where among the classification elements toinclude specific items is to rely on professional judgment as towhere building professionals in current practice normally lookfor such items.FIG. 2 UNIFORMAT II Classification of Building Elements with Alph
37、a-Numeric DesignationsE15570535.2.3 Classification of Building ElementsFig. 2 presentsthe UNIFORMAT II classification of building elements. Itcomprises three hierarchical levels: Major Group Elements forLevel 1, Group Elements for Level 2, and Individual Elementsfor Level 3. See Section 6 for detail
38、ed lists of specific itemsthat are included and excluded under each individual elementlisted in the Level 3 category. A list of suggested level 4building sub-elements is presented in Table X1.1.5.2.4 Classification of Building-Related SiteworkFig. 3presents the UNIFORMAT II classification of buildin
39、g-relatedsitework. See Section 7 for detailed lists of specific items thatare included and excluded under each individual element listedin the Level 3 category. A list of suggested Level 4 building-related sitework sub-elements is presented in Table X1.1.5.2.4.1 UNIFORMAT II is not intended to class
40、ify elementsof major civil works. Rather, it is provided for exclusive use insupport of the construction of buildings. Buildings are usuallyconstructed with roads, utilities, parking areas, and othernon-building features. The UNIFORMAT II classification ofbuilding-related sitework provides guidance
41、so that planners donot have to resort to multiple elemental classifications for oneproject.6. Description of Building Elements6.1 The following lists show what items are included andexcluded in the recommended classification at Level 3. Notethat the listings of inclusions and exclusions are not inte
42、nded tobe an exhaustive listing. Rather, they provide a general outlineof what to expect in that element consistent with the selectioncriteria outlined in 5.2. Exclusions are listed to help readersfind items quickly. For example, an elemental format mightshow exterior load bearing walls under Exteri
43、or Walls orSuperstructure. UNIFORMAT II puts them under ExteriorWalls based on technical judgment and current practice.Putting under Superstructure a cross-reference to ExteriorWalls directs the person who looks first under Superstructure tothe appropriate element. Note that the table in Fig. 2 inco
44、rpo-rates an alphanumeric designation for the classification: asingle character letter code for Level 1 Major Group Elements,a three character alphanumeric code for Level 2 GroupElements, and a five character alphanumeric code for Level 3Individual Elements.6.2 Foundations (A 10):6.2.1 Standard Foun
45、dations (A 1010):6.2.1.1 Includes:(1) Wall and column foundations,(2) Foundation walls up to level of top of slab on grade,(3) Pile caps,(4) Foundation excavation, backfill, and compaction,(5) Footings and bases,(6) Perimeter insulation,(7) Perimeter drainage, and(8) Anchor plates.(9) Dewatering6.2.
46、1.2 Excludes:(1) General excavation to reduce levels (see G 1030, SiteEarthwork),(2) Excavation for basements (see A 2010, BasementExcavation),(3) Basement walls (see A 2020, Basement Walls), and(4) Under-slab drainage and insulation (see A 1030, Slabon Grade).6.2.2 Special Foundations (A 1020):6.2.
47、2.1 Includes:(1) Piling,(2) Caissons,(3) Underpinning,(4) Dewatering,(5) Raft foundations,(6) Any other special foundation conditions, and(7) Grade Beams6.2.2.2 Excludes:FIG. 3 UNIFORMAT II Classification of Building Related Sitework with Alpha-Numeric DesignationsE1557054(1) Pile caps (see A 1010,
48、Standard Foundations), and(2) Rock excavation (unless associated with Special Foun-dations) (see A 1010, Standard Foundations and A 2010, Base-ment Excavation).6.2.3 Slab on Grade (A 1030):6.2.3.1 Includes:(1) Standard,(2) Structural,(3) Inclined slabs on grade,(4) Trenches,(5) Pits,(6) Bases,(7) Un
49、der-slab drainage, and(8) Under-slab insulation.6.2.3.2 Excludes:(1) Applied floor finishes (see C 3020, Floor Finishes), and(2) Hardeners and sealers to the slab (see C 3020, FloorFinishes).6.3 Basement Construction (A 20):6.3.1 Basement Excavation (A 2010):6.3.1.1 Includes:(1) Additional excavation required for construction ofbasement,(2) Backfill and compaction, and(3) Excavation support system.6.3.1.2 Excludes:(1) General grading to reduce levels over site (see G 1030,Site Earthwork).6.3.2 Basement Walls (A 2020):6.3.2.1 Includes:(1) Basement wall construction,(2) Mo
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