ASTM E1605-2004 Standard Terminology Relating to Lead in Buildings《与建筑物中铅有关的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: E 1605 04Standard Terminology Relating toLead in Buildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1605; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses

2、indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard covers definitions for thefollowing:1.1.1 Terms that are commonly used in the field of manage-ment of lead hazards in facilities;1

3、.1.2 Architectural terms, particularly those associated witholder wood-frame buildings; and,1.1.3 Specialized terms that may be encountered by users inreports and notices that are generated during lead hazardmanagement activities.1.2 This terminology standard is supplementary to Termi-nology E 631.1

4、.3 Definitions adopted or derived from other documentsinclude the following:1.3.1 Some of the definitions in this Standard are adopted asexact copies from other sources. The source is briefly identifiedat the right margin following the definition and fully identifiedin Section 2.1.3.2 Some of the de

5、finitions in this terminology standardare adapted from other sources. Changes in these definitionswere made only to clarify the meaning, to incorporate relatedterms that also are defined in this terminology standard, or toensure that the revised definition is consistent with those forrelated terms.

6、The source is briefly identified with the words“adapted” at the right margin following the definition, and isfully identified in Section 2.1.4 Terms within the definitions that are shown in boldfaceare defined in this terminology standard.1.5 This terminology standard excludes the following:1.5.1 Te

7、rms with a common dictionary meaning, except incases where there is a specialized definition within the field oflead hazard management.1.5.2 Terms that are used only in individual ASTM stan-dards in which they are defined adequately, whether formallyor by the context in which they appear.2. Referenc

8、ed Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 186 Test Method for Heat of Hydration of HydraulicCementC 859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear MaterialsD16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials,and ApplicationsD 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 661 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Cracking of

9、Exterior PaintsD 772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scal-ing) of Exterior PaintsD 907 Terminology of AdhesivesD 2864 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liq-uids and GasesD 4214 Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalk-ing of Exterior Paint FilmsD 4538 Terminology Rel

10、ating to Protective Coating andLining Work for Power Generation FacilitiesE 7 Terminology Relating to MetallographyE 131 Terminology Relating to Molecular SpectroscopyE 135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMetals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE 344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry an

11、d Hydrom-etryE 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE 856 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations Relating toPhysical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse-DerivedFuelE 1187 Specification forAsphalt-Base Emulsions for Use asProtective Coatings

12、for MetalE 1227 Terminology Relating to ChemicalAnalysis of Met-alsE 1553 Practice for Collection of Airborne Particulate Lead1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23on Lead Hazards Associated

13、 with Buildings.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E 1605 03e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book

14、of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.During Abatement and Construction Activities3E 1613 Test Method for Determination of

15、 Lead by Induc-tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry(ICP_AES), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry(FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spec-trometry (GFAAS) TechniquesE 1644 Practice for Hot Plate Digestion of Dust WipeSamples for the Determination of LeadE 1728 Practice for F

16、ield Collection of Settled DustSamples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for SubsequentLead DeterminationE 1777 Guide for Prioritization of Data Needs for PavementManagementE 1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Leadin Surface DustE 1796 Guide for Selection and Use of Liquid CoatingEncapsula

17、tion Products for Leaded Paint in BuildingsE 1908 Guide for Sample Selection of Debris Waste from aBuilding Renovation or Lead Abatement Project for Tox-icity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) Testingfor Leachable Lead (Pb)E 1914 Practice For Use of Terms Relating To the Devel-opment and Eval

18、uation of Methods For Chemical AnalysisE 1979 Practice for Ultrasonic Extraction of Paint, Dust,Soil, and Air Samples for Subsequent Determination ofLeadE 2052 Guide for Evaluation, Management, and Control ofLead Hazards in FacilitiesE 2239 Practice for Record Keeping and Record Preserva-tion for LE

19、ad Hazard ActivitiesE 2255 Practice for Conducting Visual Assessments forLead Hazards in BuildingsE 2271 Practice for Clearance Examinations FollowingLead Hazard ReductionActivities in Single-Family Dwell-ings and Child-Occupied FacilitiesF 141 Terminology Relating to Resilient Floor CoveringsF 221

20、Terminology Relating to Carbon Paper and InkedRibbon Products and Images Made TherefromF 1156 Terminology Relating to Product Counterfeit Pro-tection Systems3G 40 Terminology Relating to Wear and ErosionIEEE/ASTM SI-10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI), the Modernized Metric

21、System2.2 Code of Federal Regulations4:40 CFR 261 Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste40 CFR 745.223 Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention inCertain Residential Structures-Definitions2.3 ISO Standards:5ISO 90002000 Quality Management Systems - Funda-mentals and Vocabulary3. Significance and

22、 Use3.1 The purpose of this terminology standard is to help usersunderstand and apply the large number of specialized termsused in connection with the management of lead hazards byproviding a single, comprehensive, and consistent terminology.3.1.1 This terminology standard includes some terms thatma

23、y be encountered, but whose use is discouraged. They areincluded for clarification and in order to provide the user withpreferred existing alternate terms.3.1.2 Architectural terms for individual building compo-nents are included to promote consistency of usage and to helpensure that sampling locati

24、ons are recorded with sufficientaccuracy to allow independent confirmation of lead measure-ments, if necessary.3.2 A discussion is attached to certain definitions to helpmake the definition clear or to show how the term and itsdefinition are related to other terms.3.3 Terms and definitions in this t

25、erminology standard arebased upon laws, regulations, and practices in the UnitedStates.3.3.1 Some of the definitions in this terminology standardare adopted verbatim or are adapted from definitions that areformally stated or implied in laws and regulations. They are notintended to replace the latter

26、 definitions. The user is respon-sible for understanding legal definitions and for ensuring thatthe legal obligations that are encompassed by them are fullysatisfied.3.3.2 Users in other countries should refer to applicablenational, regional, and local laws, regulations, and practices.4. Terminology

27、abrasion resistance (coatings)ability of a coating to resistbeing worn away and to maintain its original appearance,integrity, and structure when subjected to rubbing, scraping,or wear.accessible surfaceinterior or exterior surface (usually up to5 ft (1.5 m) from floor or ground) that is accessible

28、for ayoung child to mouth or chew. See also chewable surface.accreditation, nOfficial authorization, approval, or recogni-tion accorded an individual or organization based uponspecific qualifications. (E 631)accuracy, nthe closeness of the agreement between theresult of a measurement and a true valu

29、e of the quantity thatis being measured. (Adapted from draft ISO VIM, Interna-tional Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms)action level, na level of a contaminant in a medium at orabove which activities to control the level are initiated.DISCUSSIONThe action level may be a maximum allowable level, a

30、sin the definition of lead-containing paint. In other cases, it is defined asbelow a maximum allowable level, and used as a warning to prevent thelatter from being exceeded.An example is the action level in the OSHAlead standard.administrative controlsAdministrative measures that areused to control

31、occupational exposures to hazards.DISCUSSIONThe most commonly-used administrative controls arejob assignments and job rotations that are designed to limit the duration3Withdrawn.4Available from Office of the Federal Register, National Archives RecordsAdministration, Superintendent of Documents, U. S

32、. Government Printing Office,Washington, DC 20401.5Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.E1605042of worker exposure. Another administrative control is purchase controlto ensure the use of materials and eq

33、uipment which produce the leastamount of hazard.administrative removal(of workers), temporary removal ofworkers from a job site prior to blood-lead levels reachingvalues requiring medical removal.analyte, nchemical or element that is the subject of thetesting or measurement in a sampling and analyti

34、cal proce-dure, e.g. lead in paint.anodic stripping voltammetryan electroanalytical tech-nique in which the concentration of a metal species analyte(such as lead) in a solution is determined by deposition (byreduction) on an electrode, then stripping from it (byoxidation). The peak electrical curren

35、t is measured duringstripping, and is proportional to the original metal concen-tration.DISCUSSIONCommercial equipment is available to perform thismethod in the field as well as in fixed-site laboratories.Apparent Lead Concentration (ALC)The x-ray fluores-cence (XRF) reading or average of more than

36、one reading ona painted surface, not corrected for the substrate.DISCUSSIONThis value was used in a now-obsolete method ofcorrecting XRF readings for substrate effect, and has been replaced byuse of the Performance Characteristic Sheet.atomic absorptionabsorption of radiant energy by ground-state at

37、oms.DISCUSSIONSubstances when dispersed as an atomic vapor willabsorb characteristic radiations identical to those that the same sub-stances can emit. This property is the basis for analysis by atomicabsorption spectroscopy. (D 2864)baluster (picket), none of a series of closely-spaced uprightmember

38、s that support the handrail in a railing system.(E 631)bare soil, nsoil or sand not covered by grass, sod, other liveground covers, wood chips, gravel, artificial turf, or similarcovering. (E 2255)baseboard, na molding covering the juncture of a wall andthe adjoining floor.batcha group of field or q

39、uality control samples that areprocessed together using the same reagents and equipment.(E 1553)bias, nsystematic error of the indication of a measuringinstrument. (E 456)biological monitoringanalysis of a persons blood or urine,or both, to determine the level of lead contamination in thebody.blank

40、sampleunexposed specimen of the medium used intesting, such as a wipe or a filter, which is analyzed withother samples to determine whether samples are either (1)contaminated before collection (for example, in the field, orat the testing site), or are (2) contaminated after collection(for example, d

41、uring transportation to the laboratory or in thelaboratory), or both. Also called a media blank,oradummyspecimen.blood-lead level (blood level)concentration of lead in theblood, 1 mole/L = 20.72 g/mL.DISCUSSIONBlood lead levels are associated with the risk andseverity of toxic effects.calibration cu

42、rvegraphical or mathematical representationof a relation between a measured parameter and a property ofthe standard for the substance under consideration.(C 859)calibration standardsolutions of known analyte concentra-tion used to calibrate instruments. (E 1613)DISCUSSIONCalibration standards must b

43、e matrix matched to theacid content present in sample digestates or extracts and must bemeasured prior to analyzing samples.certificationthe process of testing and evaluating againstcertain specifications the competence of a person, organiza-tion, or other entity in performing a function or service,

44、usually for a specified period of time. (HUD Guidelines)Certified Reference Material (CRM)a reference materialaccompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose propertyvalues are certified by a procedure that establishes itstraceability to an accurate realization of the unit in which theproperty va

45、lues are expressed. (E 1644)chalking , nformation on a pigmented coating of a friablepowder evolved from the film itself at or just beneath thesurface. (D 4214)checking (coatings), nphenomenon manifested in paintfilms by slight breaks in the film that do not penetrate to theunderlying surface.DISCUS

46、SIONThe break should be called a crack if the underlyingsurface is visible. Where precision is necessary in evaluating a paintfilm, checking may be described as visible (as seen by the naked eye)or as microscopic (as observed under a magnification of ten diameters).chewable surfacesurface easily acc

47、essible to children (usu-ally up to five feet from the floor or ground), and likely to bechewed-on, such as window sills, balusters, and handrails.See accessible surface.child-occupied facilitya facility constructed prior to 1978that is visited regularly by the same child, six years of age orunder,

48、at least two different days within any week, for at leastthree hours per visit, six hours per week, and 60 hours peryear. (40 CFR 745.223, adapted)chipping resistance (coatings)ability of a coating or layersof coatings to resist removal, usually in small pieces,resulting from impact by hard objects

49、or from wear duringservice. (D 16)clearance area, nwork area and additional spaces outsidethe work area where lead contamination may have occurredduring lead hazard control and other building maintenanceor modification activities. (E 2271)DISCUSSIONThe spaces outside the work area may include roomsconnected to the work area, egress routes, waste storage areas, andgrounds adjoining exterior work areas.clearance examination, na process conducted after a leadhazard reduction activity, or other building maintenance andmodification activities, t